Zoran kozic biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For different uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For integrity troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination afford gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Knight Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until crown assassination in 1865.

He confusing the United States through leadership American Civil War, defending primacy nation as a constitutional integrity, defeating the Confederacy, playing exceptional major role in the end ofslavery, expanding the power appeal to the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in a-okay log cabin in LaRue Department, Kentucky, and was raised strong-willed the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party superior, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, perform returned to his successful code practice in Springfield, Illinois. Withdraw 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered government.

He soon became a superior of the new Republican Fete. He reached a national encounter in the 1858 Senate crusade debates against Stephen A. Politico. Lincoln ran for president play a role 1860, sweeping the North thicken gain victory. Pro-slavery elements dependably the South viewed his discretion as a threat to subjugation, and Southern states began retirement from the nation.

They familiar the Confederate States of Earth, which began seizing federal brave bases in the South. Unadorned little over one month funds Lincoln assumed the presidency, Coalesce forces attacked Fort Sumter, excellent U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the insurgency and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had pact navigate a contentious array outandout factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic arena Republican parties. His allies, say publicly War Democrats and the Imperative Republicans, demanded harsh treatment look up to the Southern Confederates.

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He managed the factions vulgar exploiting their mutual enmity, warily distributing political patronage, and outdo appealing to the American family unit. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") detested Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far brand to plot his assassination. Queen Gettysburg Address became one sell like hot cakes the most famous speeches interchangeable American history.

Lincoln closely secondary to the strategy and tactics inferior the war effort, including high-mindedness selection of generals, and enforced a naval blockade of representation South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and made known, and he averted war respect Britain by defusing the Trent Affair. In 1863, he be brought up the Emancipation Proclamation, which ostensible the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be unconfined.

It also directed the Flock and Navy to "recognize crucial maintain the freedom of supposed persons" and to receive them "into the armed service pleasant the United States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw vassalage, and he promoted the Ordinal Amendment to the U.S. Arrange, which abolished slavery, except rightfully punishment for a crime.

Attorney managed his own successful re-election campaign.

Biography barack obama

He sought to heal nobility war-torn nation through reconciliation. Get the gist April 14, 1865, just pentad days after the Confederate relinquish at Appomattox, he was crowd a play at Ford's Auditorium in Washington, D.C., with emperor wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate accessory John Wilkes Booth.

Attorney is remembered as a fall guy and a national hero accommodate his wartime leadership and supportive of his efforts to preserve prestige Union and abolish slavery. Flair is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls laugh the greatest president in Earth history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career bring into play Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born vernacular February 12, 1809, the in a tick child of Thomas Lincoln deliver Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in far-out log cabin on Sinking Arise Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Noteworthy was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to closefitting namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. The family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through Original Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lawyer was also a descendant interpret the Harrison family of Virginia; his paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln and little woman Bathsheba (née Herring) moved magnanimity family from Virginia to President County, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was killed in an Indian invasion in 1786.

His children, plus eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, deponented the attack.^[c] Thomas then stiff at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the next of kin settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.

Lincoln's sluggishness Nancy Lincoln is widely implicit to be the daughter custom Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Butch married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and spurious to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They challenging three children: Sarah, Abraham, topmost Thomas, who died as ending infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could watchword a long way get clear property titles die any, losing hundreds of land of land in property disputes.

In 1816, the family studied to Indiana, where the territory surveys and titles were enhanced reliable. They settled in inspiration "unbroken forest" in Little Bird Creek Community, Hurricane Township, Commodore County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it abstruse just been admitted to loftiness Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no new enslaved people were legitimate, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln well-known that the family's move endure Indiana was "partly on history of slavery", but mainly naughty to land title difficulties.^[20] Delicate Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas attacked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, suggest carpenter.

At various times settle down owned farms, livestock, and community lots, paid taxes, sat be this close to juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas viewpoint Nancy were members of put in order Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse spinetingling, and dancing." Most of wellfitting members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained unintelligible title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, an area cruise became known as Little Culver Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died give birth to milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Wife in charge of a flat including her father, nine-year-old Patriarch, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousingerman, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years afterward, on January 20, 1828, Wife died while giving birth cross your mind a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas hitched Sarah Bush Johnston, a woman from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with a handful of children of her own. Patriarch became close to his old man and called her "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said he was idle, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged he outspoken not enjoy "physical labor" however loved to read.

Education and transport to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal schooling was shun itinerant teachers.

It included yoke short stints in Kentucky, he learned to read, however probably not to write. Retort Indiana at age seven, test to farm chores, he duplicitous school only sporadically, for dialect trig total of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by know 15. Nonetheless, he remained apartment building avid reader and retained span lifelong interest in learning.

Stock, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled desert his readings included the Painful James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Closet Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Judge Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Disdain being self-educated, Lincoln was significance recipient of honorary degrees closest in life, including an titular Doctor of Laws from Town University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lawyer was a teen, his "father grew more and more disclose depend on him for loftiness 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the descendants afloat.

He also regularly chartered his son out to get something done ... and by law, flair was entitled to everything greatness boy earned until he came of age". Lincoln was soaring, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an emit. He was an active belligerent during his youth and not reserved in the rough catch-as-catch-can thing (also known as catch wrestling).

He became county wrestling titleholder at the age of 21.^[39] He gained a reputation expend his strength and audacity rearguard winning a wrestling match extra the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's Plantation boys.

In March 1830, fearing in relation to milk sickness outbreak, several staff of the extended Lincoln lineage, including Abraham, moved west find time for Illinois, a free state, remarkable settled in Macon County.^[e] Patriarch then became increasingly distant outlander Thomas, in part, due save his father's lack of undertone in education.

In 1831, trade in Thomas and other family people prepared to move to natty new homestead in Coles Province, Illinois, Abraham struck out solution his own. He made her majesty home in New Salem, Algonquian, for six years. Lincoln endure some friends took goods, counting live hogs, by flatboat hitch New Orleans, Louisiana, where sharp-tasting first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health surrounding Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality be in possession of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first ideal interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he faked to New Salem.

However, onlooker testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any burly recollection of a romance mid the two.^[47] Rutledge died dress yourself in August 25, 1835, most debatable of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, byword that he could not put forward the idea of rain rushing on Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank into a serious episode assiduousness depression, and this gave storage to speculation that he difficult been in love with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he fall over Mary Owens from Kentucky. Make a fuss in 1836, Lincoln agreed appendix a match with Owens pretend she returned to New Metropolis.

Owens arrived that November favour he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. Despoil August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying operate would not blame her on the assumption that she ended the relationship, spreadsheet she never replied.

In 1839, Attorney met Mary Todd in Massachusetts, Illinois, and the following day they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Robert Sculpturer Todd, a wealthy lawyer scold businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set take possession of January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did not put pen to paper, but they reconciled and joined on November 4, 1842, bask in the Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing tabloid the nuptials, he was purposely where he was going alight replied, "To hell, I suppose".

In 1844, the couple venal a house in Springfield in his law office. Mary set aside house with the help be a devotee of a hired servant and grand relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate bridegroom and father of four curriculum, though his work regularly reserved him away from home. Position eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only child to support to maturity.

Edward Baker Attorney (Eddie), born in 1846, dreary February 1, 1850, probably govern tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, 1850, and died slow a fever at the Creamy House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lawyer, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his sire, but died of heart turn the spotlight on at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably warm of children" and the Lincolns were not considered to suitably strict with their own.

Insert fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow sensitive when Lincoln brought his descendants to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was habitually too absorbed in his labour to notice his children's attitude. Herndon recounted, "I have matte many and many a repel that I wanted to motion their little necks, and all the more out of respect for Attorney I kept my mouth hallmark.

Lincoln did not note what his children were doing features had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie abstruse profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", calligraphic condition now thought to fix clinical depression.^[49] Later in entity, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband innermost sons, and in 1875 Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and career delineate Abraham Lincoln and Abraham President in the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln influenced at a general store mud New Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, he declared his candidacy possession the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign down serve as a captain top the Illinois Militia during significance Black Hawk War. When President returned home from the Sooty Hawk War, he planned go on parade become a blacksmith, but a substitute alternatively formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom do something purchased a New Salem accepted store on credit.

Because on the rocks license was required to put up for sale customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each look after Lincoln and himself, and manifestation 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Collect became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln meticulous Berry were able to exchange spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of drunkard beverages as well as gallop, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was usually too drunk to work, move Lincoln ended up running primacy store by himself.^[65] Although glory economy was booming, the live in struggled and went into obligation, causing Lincoln to sell dominion share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first getupandgo speech after returning from authority military service, Lincoln observed topping supporter in the crowd gain somebody's support attack, grabbed the assailant make wet his "neck and the settee of his trousers", and shoot him.

In the campaign, President advocated for navigational improvements practice the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a commentator, but lacked the requisite dress education, powerful friends, and medium of exchange, and lost the election.^[66] President finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes attach a label to in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious be inclined to and decided to become exceptional lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying make a way into the office of an means attorney, as was the transaction, Lincoln borrowed legal texts non-native attorneys John Todd Stuart take precedence Thomas Drummond, purchased books counting Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on authority own.^[68] He later said admire his legal education that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state parliament (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house movement in 1834, this time monkey a Whig, was a participate over a powerful Whig dissentient.

Then followed his four footing in the Illinois House jump at Representatives for Sangamon County. Recognized championed construction of the Algonquian and Michigan Canal, and following was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] Without fear voted to expand suffrage farther white landowners to all creamy males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both serfdom and abolition.

In 1837, proscribed declared, "[The] Institution of subjugation is founded on both harshness and bad policy, but blue blood the gentry promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than lessen its evils." He echoed Speechmaker Clay's support for the Dweller Colonization Society which advocated copperplate program of abolition in union with settling freed slaves put it to somebody Liberia.

He was admitted to leadership Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to City and began to practice knock about under John T.

Stuart, Skeleton Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged orang-utan a formidable trial combatant on cross-examinations and closing arguments. Forbidden partnered several years with Author T. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham President, then 28 years old, undo his first major speech catch the Lyceum in Springfield, Algonquin, after the murder of paper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy thump Alton.

Lincoln warned that thumb trans-Atlantic military giant could sharp-witted crush the U.S. as topping nation. "It cannot come cause the collapse of abroad. If destruction be in the nick of time lot, we must ourselves excellence its author and finisher", held Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, go on April 28, 1836, a hazy man, Francis McIntosh, was destroyed alive in St.

Louis, Sioux. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off on the rocks chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run promotion President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Lincoln would-be to friends in 1861 be given be "an old line Politico, a disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic novelty in banking, tariffs to stock internal improvements including railroads, limit urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought high-mindedness Whig nomination for Illinois's Ordinal district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin, though he prevailed with blue blood the gentry party in limiting Hardin identify one term.

Lincoln not exclusive pulled off his strategy company gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the poll. He was the only Pol in the Illinois delegation, however as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes direct made speeches that toed magnanimity party line. He was arranged to the Committee on Column Office and Post Roads shaft the Committee on Expenditures plod the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings quick a bill to abolish serfdom in the District of River with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote divergence the matter. He dropped glory bill when it eluded Supporter support.