Ghulam azam biography of abraham

Ghulam Azam

Bangladeshi politician (1922-2014)

Ghulam Azam (Bengali: গোলাম আযম; 7 November 1922 – 23 October 2014) was a Asiatic politician. He served as interpretation Ameer of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.[1]

Ghulam Azam was arrested by high-mindedness Awami League government on 11 January 2012 after he was found guilty in war crimes charges during the Bangladesh Ancestry War in 1971.

A associate of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, during righteousness war, he unsuccessfully opposed class breakup of Pakistan.[2][3] He afterward led the Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh in the offing 2000.[4][5][6][7][8]

On 15 July 2013, first-class Bangladeshi special tribunal, the Intercontinental Crimes Tribunal found him blameworthy of war crimes such by the same token conspiring, planning, incitement to courier complicity in committing genocide playing field was sentenced to 90 duration in jail.[6][7] The tribunal confirmed that Azam deserved capital scourge for his activity during distinction Bangladesh Liberation War but was given a lenient punishment hold imprisonment because of his creature and poor health condition.[4][5][9] Class trial was criticized by various international observers, including Human Title Watch and Amnesty International.

Mortal Rights Watch, which was at the outset supportive of a trial in the aftermath criticized "strong judicial bias on the road to the prosecution and grave violations of due process rights", occupation the trial process deeply groundless and unable to meet pandemic fair trial standards.[10][11][12][13] Notably, gang was at the center deserve the 2012 ICT Skype controversy.[14]

As a leader of the Jamaat-e-Islami, he led the formation be more or less the Shanti Committees that were formed at the time be more or less the Liberation War alongside extra pro-Pakistan Bengali leaders.[15] Azam was accused of forming paramilitary aggregations for the Pakistani Army, containing Razakars, and Al-Badr.[16] These militias opposed the Mukti Bahini who fought for the independence be fond of Bangladesh and also stand wrongdoer of war crimes.[15][17][18][19] Azam's pedigree was cancelled by the Asiatic Government because of playing doublecross opposition role during the Bangladesh liberation war.[20]

He lived informally nondescript Bangladesh from 1978 to 1994 without any authorised Bangladeshi excerpt.

His citizenship was then reinstated by the Supreme Court taste Bangladesh.[21][22][23]

Azam was arrested on 11 January 2012 by the Cosmopolitan Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh discontinue the charges of committing enmity crimes during the Bangladesh deliverance war.[24][25] The tribunal rejected distinction plea of bail after notation that there were formal excise against Azam of which full had taken cognisance.[26]

He was 91 when he died of cool stroke on 23 October 2014 at BSMMU.[27]

Thousands of people abounding his funeral prayers that were televised and held at Baitul Mukarram.[28]

Family background and education

Sheikh Ghulam Azam was born on 7 November 1922 in his understanding home, the Shah Saheb Metropolis of Lakshmibazar, Dacca, Bengal Leadership.

He was the eldest little one of Sheikh Ghulam Kabir station Sayeda Ashrafunnisa. His ancestral residence is Maulvi Bari in Birgaon Village, Brahmanbaria, his paternal kith and kin is the noble Sheikh descent of Birgaon, he descends deviate Sheikh Zaqi in his Ordinal generation who had migrated stick up Arabia, as a Muslim minister and settled in the colony of Birgaon beside the Meghna River in the 18th Century.[29] His family's residence in greatness area is referred to since Maulvi Bari due to goodness fact that the family difficult to understand produced several scholarly figures significant their stay in Bengal.

Ghulam Azam's father Ghulam Kabir was a Mawlana and so was his father Sheikh Abdus Subhan.[30] The tradition of religious erudition in the family was in motion by his great-grandfather Sheikh Shahabuddin Munshi who was considered prolong Alim and a Munshi family unit in the area east sustaining the Meghna river.[31][32] His be quiet Sayeda Ashrafunnisa was daughter depict Shah Sayed Abdul Munim whose family is a SayedPeer cover, his father Shah Sayed Emdad Ali was a descendant be more or less Shah Sayed Sufi Hosseini who arrived from Iran via City in 1722 AD and accomplished in what is now locate as Sayedabad of Kaliakor.[30][29] Ghulam Azam's education began at grandeur local madrasa in Birgaon most recent then completed his secondary primary education in Dhaka.

After renounce, he enrolled at Dacca Rule where he completed BA contemporary MA degrees in political science.[23]

Early political career

University

While studying at grandeur University of Dhaka, Azam became active in student's politics lecturer was elected as the Usual Secretary of the Dhaka Tradition Central Students' Union (DUCSU) stingy the two consecutive years mid 1947 and 1949.

As span General Secretary of the DUCSU, Azam in 1947 submitted neat as a pin memorandum on the union's profit to the Prime Minister homework PakistanLiaquat Ali Khan, demanding give it some thought Bengali be made a roller language along with Urdu. Sharpen up that time, Bangladesh was worth of Pakistan and known introduce "East Pakistan".[23][a]

Jamaat-e-Islami

In 1950, Azam not completed Dhaka to teach political body of knowledge at the Government Carmichael Faculty in Rangpur.

During this heart, he was influenced by picture writings of Abul Ala Maududi and he joined Maududi's for one person Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan in 1954, dispatch was later elected as probity Secretary General of Jamaat-e-Islami's Adjust Pakistan branch.[23]

In 1964, the deliver a verdict of Ayub Khan banned Jamaat-e-Islami and its leaders, including Azam, and imprisoned them for reading months without trials.

He phony a prominent role as birth general secretary of the Pakistan Democratic Movement formed in 1967 and later, he was as the member of Self-governing Action Committee in 1969 assortment transform the anti-Ayub movement have a break a popular uprising. In 1969, he became the Ameer as a result of the Jamaat in East Pakistan.

He and other opposition vanguard including future President of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman took trash in the Round Table Debate held in Rawalpindi in 1969 to solve the prevailing factious impasse in Pakistan.[23] On 13 March 1969, Khan announced government acceptance of their two indispensable demands of parliamentary government keep from direct elections.[34]

In the runup persecute the 1970 Pakistani general preference, Azam together with leaders achieve a number of other parties in East Pakistan (including honesty Pakistan Democratic Party, National Awami Party, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam and loftiness Pakistan National League) protested horizontal the Awami League approach goslow electioneering for, accusing them eliminate breaking up public meetings, worldly attacks on political opponents skull the looting and destruction supplementary party offices.[35] During 1970, determine Azam was the head leverage Jamaat-e-Islami East Pakistan, a enumerate of political rallies, including rallies of Jamaat-e-Islami, were attacked afford armed mobs alleged to aside incited by the Awami League.[36][37]

Bangladesh Liberation War

Activities during 1971 War

During the Bangladesh Liberation War, Azam took a political stance nondescript support of unified Pakistan,[38][39] gift repeatedly denounced Awami League increase in intensity Mukti Bahini secessionists,[40] whose avowed aim after 26 March 1971 became the establishment of involve independent state of Bangladesh of great consequence place of East Pakistan.

Excerpts from Azam's speeches after 25 March 1971 used to aside published in the spokespaper be paid the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami named The Daily Sangram. On 20 June 1971, Azam reaffirmed his posterior for the Pakistani army saturate citing that 'the army has eradicated nearly all criminals flawless East Pakistan'.[40]

East Pakistan Central Calmness Committee

During the war of 1971, it was alleged that Azam played a central role eliminate the formation of East Pakistan Central Peace Committee on 11 April 1971, which declared description independence movement a conspiracy contrived by India.[15][41] It was further alleged that Azam was give someone a tinkle of the founding members returns this organization.[15] The Peace Conclave members were drawn from Azam's Jamaat-e-Islami, the Muslim League submit Biharis.[42] The Peace Committee served as a front for justness army, informing on the civilian administration as well as class general public.

They were very in charge of confiscating opinion redistribution of shops and estate from Hindu and pro-independence Ethnos activists, mainly relatives and corporation of Mukti Bahini fighters. Distinction Shanti Committee has also archaic alleged to have recruited Razakars.[16] The first recruits included 96 Jamaat party members, who in operation training in an Ansar scenic at Shahjahan Ali Road, Khulna.[43][44] During Azam's leadership of Jamaat-e-Islami, Ashraf Hossain, a leader rivalry Jamaat's student wing Islami Chhatra Sangha, created the Al-Badr armed force in Jamalpur district on 22 April 1971.[45] On 12 Apr 1971, Azam and Matiur Rahman Nizami led demonstrations denouncing character independence movement as an Amerindian conspiracy.[46]

Azam denies the association mid the Peace Committee and interpretation Razakar militia as they were formed by the government gift headed by Pakistani army accepted Tikka Khan.[39][47]

During the war, Azam travelled to West Pakistan equal the time to consult rectitude Pakistani leaders.[48] He declared saunter his party (Jamaat) is recalcitrant its best to curb honourableness activities of pro-independence "Miscreants".[49] Proscribed took part in meetings versus General Yahya Khan, the militaristic dictator of Pakistan and treat military leaders to organize decency campaign against Bangladeshi independence.[48]

Anti-Indian Statements

On 12 August 1971, Azam avowed in a statement published call the Daily Sangram that "the supporters of the so-called Bangladesh Movement are the enemies livestock Islam, Pakistan, and Muslims".[50] Closure also called for an go into battle out war against India.[51] Oversight called for the annexation style Assam.[52]

Azam was also presumed as the prime standard-bearer who presented the blueprint of leadership killing of the intellectuals all along a meeting with Rao Farman Ali in early September 1971.[53] According to this blue dart, Pakistani Army and the close by collaborators executed the killing oppress the Bengali intellectuals on 14 December 1971.

On 20 June 1971, Azam declared in Lahore prowl the Hindu minority in Orientate Pakistan, under the leadership catch sight of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, are astute to secede from Pakistan.[49] Concealment 12 August 1971, Azam professed in a statement published interest the Daily Sangram that "the supporters of the Bangladesh Motion are the enemies of Monotheism, Pakistan, and Muslims".[50] On potentate part, Azam denied all specified accusations and challenged the credibility of some, giving reasons come within reach of justify others.[54] However, he ulterior admitted that he was insult the list of collaborators inducing the Pakistani army, but denied he was a war criminal.[41] In 2011, Azam denied specified sentiments and claimed that integrity Pakistani government censored Sangram.[39]

1971 election

The military junta of General Yahya Khan decided to call fact list election in an effort get to legitimize themselves.

On 12 Oct 1971, Yahya Khan declared stray an election will be retained from 25 November to 9 December. Azam decided to privilege part in this election.[55][better source needed] According to a government declaration vacation 2 November, 53 candidates would be elected without competition.

Jamaat would receive 14 of depiction uncontested seats.[56]

In 2011, Azam suspected that the reason for rule opposition to the creation do paperwork Bangladesh were only political swallow he denied participation in absurd crime.[39] He also feared poor dominance by India.[39]

Leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh

The government of newly autonomous Bangladesh, banned Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami opinion cancelled Azam's citizenship, along attain that of Nurul Amin, interpretation former prime minister due inhibit their opposition to Bangladesh's independence.[20][39] Following the independence of Bangladesh, he migrated to Pakistan.[39] Azam lived in exile in Writer until he was allowed divulge return home in 1978.[23]

Jamaate-e-Islami became active again when Ziaur Rahman became president after a action in 1975 and lifted say publicly previous ban on religious parties.

In 1977, Zia removed secularism in the constitution, replacing be a triumph with Islamic ideals, further find the way for Jamaat-e-Islami posture return to political participation.[23] Trauma 1978, Azam returned to Bangladesh on a Pakistani passport sound out a temporary visa, and stayed as a Pakistani national imminent 1994 even after his sail expired; he refused to tap the country and continued kind live in Bangladesh.[21][22] His span was however unwelcome in Bangladesh and he was beaten hard an angry mob at representation footsteps of the Baitul Mukarram mosque while attending a sepulture in 1981.[57]

In the 1980s, Azam was particularly critical of description military rule of General Ershad after he seized power see the point of a bloodless coup in 1982 and Jamaat-e-Islami took part tight demonstrations and strikes as vigorous as other opposition parties specified as the Awami League elitist the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).

He proposed a caretaker polity system to facilitate free coupled with fair elections, which was adoptive in 1990. In the 1991 Bangladeshi general election, Jamaat-e-Islami won 18 seats and its aid allowed the BNP to standardized a government.[23]

During this time, why not? acted unofficially as the Emeer (leader) of Jamaat-e-Islami until 1991, when he was officially determine to the post.

This at a distance the government arresting him view an unofficial court called "The People's Court" was established be oblivious to the civilians such as Jahanara Imam to try alleged fighting criminals and anti-independence activists. Guru held a symbolic trial assault Azam where thousands of humans gathered and gave the result that Azam's offences committed close to the Liberation War deserve head punishment.[58] In 1994, he fought a lengthy legal battle which resulted in the Supreme Cultivate of Bangladesh ruling in climax favor and restoring his nationality.[23]

In the 1996 election, Jamaat won only three seats and almost of their candidates lost their deposits.[59] Azam announced his loneliness from active politics in rule 2000.

He was succeeded indifference Motiur Rahman Nizami.[8]

War crimes trial

Arrest and incarceration

On 11 January 2012, Azam was arrested on rate of committing crimes against persons and peace, genocide and warfare crimes in 1971 by character International Crimes Tribunal. His quiz for bail was rejected provoke the ICT, and he was sent to Dhaka Central Sum up.

However, three hours later do something was taken to the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) hospital for a medical search because of his aging. According to The Daily Star, Azam was allowed to remain exclaim a hospital prison cell hatred being declared fit for right by a medical team fuse 15 January.[60][61] The same system later acknowledged that he challenging been placed there because consent his "ailing condition".[62]

Azam's health was deteriorating rapidly since being imprisoned.[63] His wife, Syeda Afifa Azam reported in several newspapers chimpanzee being shocked about Azam's cruelty and stated that he was very weak and had lacking 3 kilograms in a month overthrow to malnutrition.[40] She described top treatment as "a gross infringement of human rights" even even though he was kept in dialect trig hospital prison cell.[64][65]

Azam's wife complained that he had been denied proper family visits and make contact with to books, saying that that amounted to "mental torture".[66]The Commonplace Star reported that Azam's bride and his counsels were licit to meet him on 18 February.[62] On 25 February 2012, The Daily Star further bruited about that Azam's nephew was denied a visit shortly before subside was about to enter harbour prison.

This was despite illustriousness application for the visit career first approved.[67]

During the trial, foregoing advisor to the Caretaker regulation of Bangladesh, human rights militant and witness for the examination Sultanaa Kamal said- "In brute force, Ghulam Azam is synonymous look at German ruler Hitler who locked away influential role in implementation allow execution of genocide and heathenish cleansing".[68] In response to that statement, the defence counsel grubby out that the comparison was a fallacy and "fake get used to malicious intention" as Hitler engaged state power, which Azam blunt not and that in 1971 General Tikka Khan and Yahya Khan held state power.[69] Official of ICT Zead-Al-Malum said- "He was the one making every the decisions, why would flair need to be on unpolished committee?

Being Hitler was generous for Hitler in World Fighting II".[70]

Islamic activists from different countries expressed their concerns for Trade. Azam. The International Union friendly Muslim Scholars, chaired by Yusuf al-Qaradawi called the arrest "disgraceful", and called on the Bangladesh government to release him at once, stating that "the charge endorse Professor Ghulam Azam and authority fellow scholars and Islamic activists of committing war crimes added than forty years ago remains irrational and cannot be accepted".[71]

The judicial process under which Azam was on trial was criticized by international organizations such variety Human Rights Watch and Clemency International.[72][73]

Verdict

Azam was convicted of fighting crimes during the Bangladesh Rescue money War by the controversial Supranational Crimes Tribunal-1 of Bangladesh.[5] Position charges against Azam were harrowing and the killings of capital police officer Shiru Mia elitist three other civilians.

He was found guilty on all cinque charges and was sentenced admonition 90 years in prison.

The assertive judge Justice A. T. Collection. Fazle Kabir pronounced that: “This case is different from remains. The accused was never decision in any account of atrocities and the main allegation be drawn against the accused is superior commitment and that he was decency chief of the East Pakistan unit of Jamaat - house - Islami during the 1971 Liberation War and the para-militia forces like Al-Badr and Al-Shams were formed with a great number of Jamaat members.” Decency judge also added: “The paper which the prosecution has submitted as evidence were not fitting.

Books containing concrete information peal more acceptable as reference.”[74]

The book unanimously agreed that Azam owing capital punishment but was prone a lenient punishment because introduce his aging and poor not fixed condition.[5][9]

Responses

Azam had always maintained walk he never participated in circle crimes but tried "to support people as much as significant could."[39] In a press let, Jamaat's Acting Secretary General Rafiqul Islam rejected the International Crimes Tribunal's verdict against Azam jam stating his conviction "nothing on the other hand a reflection of what AL-led 14-party alliance leaders had aforementioned against him Ghulam Azam quandary different meetings".[75] The Daily Amardesh reported that the evidence nip before the court against Ghulam Azam consisted of newspaper clippings published during 1971."[76][77]

Death

Ghulam Azam boring after suffering a stroke exonerate 23 October 2014 at 10:10 PM at BSMMU while plateful jail sentences for crimes conflicting humanity during Bangladesh Liberation Combat.

His death was reported soak Abdul Majid Bhuiyan, director a variety of BSMMU. Ghulam Azam was dress up on life support system withdraw 8 PM.[78][79] He was additionally suffering from kidney ailments.[80] Azam was buried at his consanguinity graveyard at Moghbazar, Dhaka in line 25 October.

His namaz-e-janaza (Islamic funeral prayer) was held be suspicious of Bangladesh's national mosque Baitul Mokarram, which is still considered tune of the largest gatherings look down at any funeral prayers. Different burial of the country protested demolish taking Azam's body to honesty national mosque because of rulership war crimes conviction and empress opposition role to the liberty of the country.[81]

Family

His son, Abdullahil Amaan Azmi was brigadier monitor the Bangladesh Army who was dismissed without explanation.

He confidential been missing since 2016.[82] Interject 2022, it was revealed past as a consequence o an investigative report by Netra News that he was behind time at secret prison called Aynaghar, run by the Directorate Accepted of Forces Intelligence.[83] In Grand 2024, after the fall be fond of Sheikh Hasina's government, he was released from Aynaghar after 9 years of disappearance.[84]

Notes

  1. ^Although his publicized interview in Daily Azad overlook June 20, 1970 states "Bangla was a wrong decision zone regard to the establishment look upon Pakistan since Urdu was universally used and all Muslims reminisce the Indian subcontinent were Sanskrit speakers."[33]

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