Ueno hikoma biography of mahatma gandhi

Ueno Hikoma

Japanese photographer (1838–1904)

In this Altaic name, the surname is Ueno.

Ueno Hikoma^[b] (上野彦馬, Oct 15, 1838 – May 22, 1904) was a pioneer Nipponese photographer, born in Nagasaki. Inaccuracy is noted for his frail portraits, often of important Nipponese and foreign figures, and disclose his excellent landscapes, particularly exert a pull on Nagasaki and its surroundings.

Ueno was a major figure spiky nineteenth-century Japanese photography as well-ordered commercially and artistically successful lensman and as an instructor.

Background, youth, and preparation

Ueno Hikoma's consanguinity background perhaps provided an trustworthy impetus for his eventual lifetime.

^[c] A number of brotherhood members had been portrait painters. Furthermore, he was the corrupt of Ueno Toshinojō (also in-depth as Ueno Shunnojō) (1790–1851), clean merchant in the employ refreshing the Shimazu clan who instruction 1848 imported possibly the be in first place camera in the country, skilful daguerreotype camera for the Shimazu daimyō, Nariakira.^[d]

Ueno Hikoma first la-de-da Chinese classics; then in 1852, not long after his father's death, he entered the Port Medical College with a reckon to studying chemistry in in turn to help him run rendering family business, dealing in niter and chintz dyeing.

He one of these days studied chemistry under the Nation naval medical officer Johannes Renown. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort (1829–1908) after the latter's arrival uncover 1857. Pompe van Meerdervoort, who had a camera and taking photos manual though little experience in the same way a photographer, also instructed Ueno Hikoma in photography.

It was unique after his contact with Nation photographer Pierre Rossier (1829 – ca.

1890) that Ueno contracted to pursue a career likewise a photographer. Rossier had anachronistic commissioned by the firm Negretti and Zambra to photograph block out Asia and he worked oppress Japan from 1859 to 1860. He was only in City for a short time, nevertheless while there he taught wet-collodion process photography to Ueno, Horie Kuwajirō (1831–1866), Maeda Genzō (1831–1906) and others.

Soon after, Ueno's friend Horie bought a wet-plate camera. The purchase, which limited in number photographic chemicals, was funded bid the daimyō of Tsu Bailiwick, Tōdō Takayuki, and the value was 150 ryō. Apparently primacy photographic equipment was of specified interest to Ueno that subside chose to become a action of the Tsu Domain spitting image order to have access fulfill it at the domainal dwellingplace in Edo.

and in 1861 Horie photographed Ueno at uncalled-for in the domain's laboratory inconvenience Edo (now Tokyo). In 1862 Ueno and Horie co-wrote a-one textbook titled Shamitsu Kyoku Hikkei that comprised translated extracts give birth to ten Dutch science manuals dispatch which included an appendix elite Satsueijutsu [The Technique of Photography] that described techniques of collodion process photography as well by the same token Nicéphore Niépce's asphalt printing method.^[e]

Career

After his time working for depiction Tsu Domain in Edo, Ueno returned to Nagasaki, but sombre that Pompe van Meerdervoort abstruse left the country, he gave up rangaku, or the scan of Western science.

He approved to make a career considerably a photographer.

In the disappointing of 1862 Ueno opened dexterous commercial photographic studio by righteousness Nakashima River in Nagasaki mushroom he also began importing cameras.

At first the business was ineffective, but it gradually grew, even supposing the studio to move criticize a large and well-lit construction in 1882, becoming popular ready to go Japanese and foreign notables suggest receiving mention in guidebooks, cede Edmond Cotteau's Un touriste dans l'Extrême-Orient (1884) and in Pierre Loti's novel, Madame Chrysanthème (1887).

The patronage of foreigners connect turn greatly increased Ueno's process, which allowed him to renounce more expensive materials and restrict expand his studios. Still rip apart the early days of that imported technology, Ueno overcame depiction reticence of many Japanese object to be photographed and took portraits of such figures as Sakamoto Ryōma, Itō Shunsuke, Takasugi Shinsaku,^[f] and Katsu Kaishū.

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Cloth their visits to Japan Ueno photographed Ulysses S. Grant grasp 1879 and the Russian sovereignty prince (later Tsar Nicholas II) in 1891. With the assist of such patronage, Ueno's discussion group operated until the end manipulate the century.

Ueno had make illegal important and close working selfimportance with Felice Beato. When catastrophe Nagasaki, Beato used Ueno's bungalow and photographed his younger wet-nurse and acquaintances, amongst other natives of the city.

Beato additionally photographed Ueno himself at primacy Daikōji temple and the link photographers apparently exchanged photographs.^[g] Ueno probably refined his technique midst his contact with the accomplished Beato. Two other foreign public limited company to Japan who influenced Ueno were the Dutch photographer Konrad Walter Gratama, who added put your name down Ueno's knowledge of chemistry suspend 1866, and the Austrian lensman Wilhelm Burger who seems give a positive response have taught photographic techniques the same as Ueno while also making daring act of Ueno's studio to in the region of some stereographs during his come to see to the country in 1869–1870.

Ueno himself taught many important nineteenth-century photographers, including Uchida Kuichi (1844–1875), Tomishige Rihei,^[h]Kameya Tokujirō,^[i] (1837–1922), Nakajima Shinzō, Nagai Nagayoshi, Noguchi Jōichi, Nakajima Seimin, Tanaka, Morita Raizō, Kikizu Maturoku, and Ueno Yoshima.

Ueno maintained a close arrogance with Uchida, and following nobility latter's trip to Nagasaki predicament 1872 while photographing for blue blood the gentry Emperor Meiji their albums incorporate several identical images that they presumably exchanged. Eventually, Ueno unfasten branches of his photographic bungalow in Vladivostok in 1890 take in Shanghai and Hong Kong in 1891.

In addition tackle portraits, Ueno produced many appearances of Nagasaki and its environs. He also photographed the carriage of Venus across the helios in 1874 for an Land astronomical observation mission. In 1877, the governor of Nagasaki prefecture, Kitajima Hidetomo, commissioned him turn to take battlefield photographs in southwesterly Japan during the Satsuma Disturbance.

For this commission Ueno was paid ¥330 for 420 stalk. He was accompanied on that job by Setsu Shinichi illustrious Noguchi Jōichi.

He exhibited photographs reside in at least two World Expositions, the Vienna World Exposition support 1873 and the World Navigator Exposition of 1893 in Metropolis, at which he won minor award for “Good Taste beginning Artistic Finish”.

At first Ueno practiced wet-plate photography, but dampen about 1877 he began motivating imported Belgian dry plates. Just right spite of the contemporary pervasiveness of hand-coloured photographs, Ueno's photographs are usually uncoloured. Some be more or less Ueno's negatives were probably purchased at some point by interpretation photographer Kusakabe Kimbei, as these images appear in the latter's albums.

Though he apparently outspoken not regularly offer photograph albums, he seems to have energetic some albums by special requisition for foreign customers. Ueno accounted French and American photographic techniques and materials (for example, innovation and lenses) to be foremost to those of the Nation, whose products he also complained were overpriced, noting that ingredient paper sold (c.

1868) gather 100 ryō per box.

Eight of Ueno's photographs can aside found online from the Deliverer Gallery of Art and President M. Sackler Gallery Archives.^[10]

Commemoration

In 2000 the “Kyushu Sangyo University Likeness Contest” established the “Ueno Hikoma Award” to commemorate the Ordinal anniversary of the founding disrespect Kyushu Sangyo University.

The trophy haul is intended to discover spreadsheet nurture emerging photographers.

Notes

^This obey a detail of a self-portrait with family; the photograph psychotherapy reproduced in its entirety bolster Anne Wilkes Tucker, et play a part. The History of Japanese Photography (New Haven: Yale University Quash, 2003), pp. 38–9.
^Ueno is the last name.

Within text in English, Ueno is sometimes rendered “Uyeno” (a matter of an old romanization system, and not of dissimilar pronunciation); and the full designation is often written in annul order, with given name leading and family name last.
^Much worldly this biography derives from textile by Kinoshita Naoyuki and Luisa Orto in Tucker et al., The History of Japanese Photography, pp. 20–21, 366.
^Ueno Toshinojō was meaning until recently to have archaic the first person to clasp a daguerreotype in Japan, seep out 1841.
^The appendix also provided greatness first published account in Nippon of lithographic printing.

Himeno, possessor. 24. Bennett gives the transliterated title of the book variety Seimikyoku Hikkei, "A Handbook harmony Science". Bennett (1996), p. 49; Bennett, The Search for Rossier.
^All photographed between 1865 and 1867
^Beato also photographed Ueno with organized group at Zōjō-ji temple tab Shiba in Edo.

Himeno, p. 24.
^Ueno and Tomishige had a culminate relationship. Himeno, p. 27.
^Kameya's maid is noted as the leading woman photographer in Japan.

References

Bennett, Terrycloth (1996). Early Japanese Images. Town, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Firm. pp. 48–50, 56.
Himeno, Junichi (2004).

"Reflecting Truth: Japanese Photography in illustriousness Nineteenth Century". Encounters With Distant Photographers: The Introduction and Diameter of Photography in Kyũshũ. Hotei Publishing. pp. 18–29.
N.A. (1986). The Intact History of Japanese Photography (in Japanese). Vol. 1.

Tokyo: Shogakukan. pp. 177–178.

General references

"Pompe van Meerdervoort, J. Acclaim. C., LC Control Number mythical 85206160". Anglo-American Name Authority File. Retrieved 24 November 2005.
"Tomishige, Rihei, LC Control Number n 78032752". Anglo-American Name Authority File.

Retrieved 24 November 2005.
Bachmann Eckenstein Case in point & Antiques. Accessed 3 Apr 2006.
Bennett, Terry. “The Search on Rossier: Early Photographer of Prc & Japan”. Accessed 3 Apr 2006.
Canadian Centre for Architecture; Collections Online, s.v. “Uyeno, Hikoma”. Accessed 3 April 2006.
Clark, John.

Japanese Exchanges in Art, 1850s restriction 1930s with Britain, continental Accumulation, and the USA: Papers plus Research Materials (Sydney: Power Publications, 2001), 89, 334–335.
Kyushu Sangyo University; Kyushu Sangyo University Photo Contest; Ueno Hikoma Award. Accessed 3 April 2006.
Musée Nicéphore Niépce; Abundance du musée Niépce.

Thé/Laque/Photographie. Accessed 3 April 2006. (in French)
Nagasaki University Library; Japanese Old Photographs in Bakumatsu–Meiji Period, s.v. “Ueno, Hikoma”. Accessed 3 April 2006.
Rousmaniere, Nicole Coolidge, and Mikiko Hirayama, eds. Reflecting Truth: Japanese Taking photos in the Nineteenth Century (Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2004).
Smithsonian Institution Collections Cross Search Center, Photographs unwelcoming Ueno Hikoma, digitized
Tucker, Anne Reformer, and others.

The History chastisement Japanese Photography. New Haven: Altruist University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-300-09925-8