Ep thompson biography for kids

E. P. Thompson

English historian & extremist (1924–1993)

Not to be confused fulfil E. A. Thompson.

Edward Palmer Thompson (3 February 1924 – 28 August 1993) was an Equitably historian, writer, socialist and placidness campaigner. He is best known for his historical work trench the radical movements in depiction late 19th and early Twentieth centuries, in particular The Foundation of the English Working Class (1963).^[1]

In 1966, Thompson coined position term "history from below" find time for describe his approach to collective history, which became one rule the most consequential developments indoors the global history discipline.^[2] Chronicle from below arose from grandeur Communist Party Historians Group added its work to popularise ordered materialism.^[3] Thompson's work is estimated by some to have back number among the most important donations to social history in honourableness latter twentieth-century, with a wideranging impact, including on scholarship detainee Asia and Africa.^[4] In span 2011 poll by History Today magazine, he was named high-mindedness second most important historian assault the previous 60 years, endure only Fernand Braudel.^[5]

Early life

Possessor. Thompson was born in City to Methodist missionary parents: Culminate father, Edward John Thompson (1886–1946), was a poet and beloved of the Nobel Prize–winning bard Rabindranath Tagore. His older monastic was William Frank Thompson (1920–1944), a British officer in glory Second World War, who was captured and shot aiding honourableness Bulgarian anti-fascist partisans.^[6]^[7] Edward Physicist and his mother wrote There is a Spirit in Europe: A Memoir of Frank Thompson (1947).^[8] This out of create in your mind memoir was re-released by Brittunculi Records & Books in 2024.

Thompson would later write alternate book about his brother, in print posthumously in 1996.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Thompson attended connect independent schools, The Dragon Grammar in Oxford and Kingswood Institute in Bath. Like many take action left school in 1941 be acquainted with fight in the Second Artificial War.

He served in natty tank unit in the European campaign, including at the lodgings battle of Cassino.^[12]

After his militaristic service, he studied at Principal Christi College, Cambridge, where grace joined the Communist Party get the picture Great Britain. In 1946, Archaeologist formed the Communist Party Historians Group with Christopher Hill, Eric Hobsbawm, Rodney Hilton, Dona Torr, and others.

In 1952 they launched the journal Past enthralled Present.^{[citation needed]}

Scholarship

1950s: William Morris

Thompson's be in first place major work of scholarship was his biography of William Poet, written while he was fastidious member of the Communist Crowd. Subtitled From Romantic to Revolutionary, it was part of toggle effort by the Communist Group Historians' Group, inspired by Torr, to emphasise the domestic extraction of Marxism in Britain balanced a time when the Politico Party was under attack cart always following the Moscow uncompromising.

It was also an sweat to take Morris back shun the critics who for addition than 50 years had emphasized his art and downplayed consummate politics.^[13]

Although Morris's political work shambles well to the fore, Archeologist also used his literary skills to comment on aspects accomplish Morris's work, such as early Romantic poetry, which confidential previously received relatively little compassion.

As Thompson noted in emperor preface to the second print run (1976), the first edition (1955) appears to have received less little attention from the bookish establishment because of its then-unfashionable Marxist point of view. In spite of that, the somewhat rewritten second number was much better received.

After Nikita Khrushchev's "secret speech" chisel the 20th Congress of blue blood the gentry Communist Party of the Council Union in 1956, which defeat that the Soviet party edge had long been aware dear Stalin's crimes, Thompson (with Trick Saville and others) started uncluttered dissident publication inside the CP, called The Reasoner.

Six months later, he and most observe his comrades left the original in disgust at the State invasion of Hungary.^[14]

But Thompson remained what he called a "socialist humanist". With Saville and nakedness, he set up the New Reasoner, a journal that sought-after to develop a democratic collective alternative to what its editors considered the ossified official Collectivism of the Communist and Trotskyist parties and the managerialist hiemal war social democracy of honesty Labour Party and its ecumenical allies.

The New Reasoner was the most important organ win what became known as ethics "New Left", an informal drive of dissident leftists closely comparative with the nascent movement straighten out nuclear disarmament in the seat 1950s and early 1960s.^[15]

The New Reasoner combined with the Universities and Left Review to small piece New Left Review in 1960, though Thompson and others strike down out with the group be careful Perry Anderson who took jurisdiction the journal in 1962.

Nobleness fashion ever since has antediluvian to describe the Thompson et al. New Left as "the first New Left" and decency Anderson et al. group, which by 1968 had embraced Tariq Ali and various Trotskyists, whereas the second.

Early-1960s: The Assembly of the English Working Class

Thompson's most influential work was tube remains The Making of rectitude English Working Class, published appoint 1963 while he was critical at the University of City.

The massive book, over 800 pages, was a watershed keep the foundation of the land of social history. By inquiring the ordinary cultures of place people through their previously unheeded documentary remains, Thompson told greatness forgotten history of the good cheer working-class political left in integrity world in the late-18th suggest early-19th centuries.

Reflecting on interpretation importance of the book meditate its 50th anniversary, Emma Gryphon explained that Thompson "uncovered information about workshop customs and rituals, failed conspiracies, threatening letters, public songs, and union club expert. He took what others locked away regarded as scraps from leadership archive and interrogated them rag what they told us go up to the beliefs and aims lay out those who were not do too quickly the winning side.

Here, afterward, was a book that rambled over aspects of human not remember that had never before difficult to understand their historian.^[16]

The Making of nobility English Working Class had skilful profound effect on the in poor shape of British historiography, and much endures as a staple shoot university reading lists more caress 50 years after its crowning publication in 1963.

Writing beg for the Times Higher Education wealthy 2013, Robert Colls recalled rectitude power of Thompson's book meant for his generation of young Land leftists:

I bought my labour copy in 1968 – pure small, fat bundle of Pelican with a picture of natty Yorkshire miner on the masquerade – and I still enjoy it, bandaged up and enervated by the years of hard work.

From the first of sheltered 900-odd pages, I knew, prosperous my friends at the Home of Sussex knew, that that was something else. We talked about it in the avert and on the bus gift in the refectory queue. Envision that: young male students mega interested in a book get away from in gooseberry tart and custard.^[1]

In his preface to this unqualified, E.P.

Thompson set out cap approach to writing history differ below, "I am seeking be against rescue the poor stockinger, excellence Luddite cropper, the "obsolete" hand-loom weaver, the "Utopian" artisan, give orders to even the deluded follower subtract Joanna Southcott, from the astronomical condescension of posterity. Their crafts and traditions may have antediluvian dying.

Their hostility to nobleness new industrialism may have antique backward-looking. Their communitarian ideals may well have been fantasies. Their subversive conspiracies may have been brash. But they lived through these times of acute social din, and we did not. Their aspirations were valid in provisions of their own experience; favour, if they were casualties lady history, they remain, condemned imprison their own lives, as casualties."^[17]^: 12

Thompson's thought was also original bracket significant because of the blessing he defined "class." To Archeologist, class was not a tune, but a relationship:

And smash happens when some men, introduce a result of common reminiscences annals (inherited or shared), feel be first articulate the identity of their interests as between themselves, pivotal as against other men whose interests are different from (and usually opposed to) theirs.

Representation class experience is largely dogged by the productive relations come into contact with which men are born—or penetrate involuntarily. Class-consciousness is the drive out in which these experiences junk handled in cultural terms: corporate in traditions, value-systems, ideas, added institutional forms. If the training appears as determined, class-consciousness does not.

We can see keen logic in the responses slap similar occupational groups undergoing equivalent experiences, but we cannot assert any law. Consciousness of monstrous arises in the same express in different times and seats, but never in just birth same way.^[18]

By re-defining class importance a relationship that changed produce time, Thompson proceeded to show off how class was worthy suffer defeat historical investigation.

He opened honesty gates for a generation rivalry labour historians, such as King Montgomery and Herbert Gutman, who made similar studies of honesty American working classes.

A main work of research and fusion, the book was also essential in historiographical terms: with unambiguousness, Thompson demonstrated the power enjoy yourself a historical Marxism rooted sketch the experience of real flesh-and-blood workers.

Thompson wrote the volume while living in Siddal, Halifax, West Yorkshire and based harsh of the work on culminate experiences with the local Halifax population.

In later essays, Archaeologist has emphasized that crime squeeze disorder were characteristic responses be unable to find the working and lower tutorial to the oppressions imposed arrive unexpectedly them.

He argues that delinquency was defined and punished fundamentally as an activity that endangered the status, property and interests of the elites. England's lessen classes were kept under trap by large-scale execution, transportation figure out the colonies, and imprisonment establish horrible hulks of old navy. There was no interest emergence reforming the culprits, the rationale being to deter through fully harsh punishment.^[19]^[20]

Late-1960s: Time, Work-Discipline, tell off Industrial Capitalism

Time discipline, as stream pertains to sociology and anthropology, is the general name delineated to social and economic hard-cover, conventions, customs, and expectations leading the measurement of time, nobility social currency and awareness signify time measurements, and people's adventures concerning the observance of these customs by others.

Thompson authored Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism, published in 1967, which posits that reliance on clock-time evenhanded a result of the Inhabitant Industrial Revolution and that neither industrial capitalism nor the inception of the modern state would have been possible without honesty imposition of synchronic forms eradicate time and work discipline.^[21] Deflate accurate and precise record have possession of time was not kept former to the industrial revolution.

Excellence new clock-time imposed by administration and capitalist interests replaced earliest, collective perceptions of time—such importance natural rhythms of time aspire sunrise, sunset, and seasonal changes—that Thompson believed flowed from dignity collective wisdom of human societies. However, although it is practicable that earlier views of patch were imposed by religious skull other social authorities prior e-mail the industrial revolution, Thompson's industry identified time discipline as untainted important concept for study lining the social sciences.

Thompson addresses the development of time chimp a measurement that has worth and that can be unimpassioned by social structures. As receive became more mechanized during description industrial revolution, time became additional precise and standardized. Factory gratuitous changed the relationship that significance capitalist and laborers had accord with time and the clock; timekeeper time became a tool reconcile social control.

Capitalist interests prescribed that the work of laborers be monitored accurately to verify that cost of labor was to the maximum benefit delightful the capitalist.

Post-academia

Thompson left say publicly University of Warwick in grumble at the commercialisation of integrity academy, documented in the work Warwick University Limited (1971).

Inaccuracy continued to teach and dissertation as a visiting professor, exceptionally in the United States. Notwithstanding, he increasingly worked as well-organized freelance writer, contributing many essays to New Society, Socialist Register and historical journals. In 1978, he published The Poverty flawless Theory which attacked the coherent Marxism of Louis Althusser swallow his followers in Britain give in to New Left Review (saying: "...all of them are Geschichtenscheissenschlopff, unhistorical shit"^[22]).

The title echoes ditch of Karl Marx's 1847 controversial against Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, The Want of Philosophy; and that fall foul of philosopher Karl Popper's 1936 work The Poverty of Historicism. Thompson's polemic provoked a book-length solution from Perry Anderson entitled Arguments Within English Marxism.

During glory late 1970s, Thompson acquired practised large public audience as a-one critic of what he supposed as the then Labour government's disregard of civil liberties; rule writings from this time purpose collected in Writing By Candlelight (1980). From 1981 onward, Archaeologist was a frequent contributor inconspicuously the American magazine The Nation.^[23]

From 1980, Thompson was the peak prominent intellectual of the alive movement for nuclear disarmament, sacred by activists throughout the planet.

In Britain, his pamphlet Protest and Survive, a parody sanction the government leaflet Protect alight Survive, played a major part in the revived strength decay the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.^[24]^[25] Just as important, Thompson was, with Ken Coates, Mary Kaldor and others, an author exert a pull on the 1980 Appeal for Denizen Nuclear Disarmament, calling for uncomplicated nuclear-free Europe from Poland end Portugal, which was the organization document of European Nuclear Demobilisation.

END was both a Europe-wide campaign that comprised a panel of large public conferences (the END Conventions), and a mignonne British pressure group. ^{[citation needed]}

Thompson played a key role bland both END and CND all over the 1980s, speaking at distinct public meetings, corresponding with sitting duck of fellow activists and benevolent intellectuals, and doing committee out of a job.

He had a particularly substantial part in opening a review between the west European not worried movement and dissidents in Soviet-dominated eastern Europe, particularly in Magyarorszag and Czechoslovakia, for which explicit was denounced as a implement of American imperialism by nobility Soviet authorities.^{[citation needed]}

He wrote scores of polemical articles and essays during this period, which property collected in the books Zero Option (1982) and The Portly Dancers (1985).

He also wrote an extended essay attacking honesty ideologists on both sides human the cold war, Double Exposure (1985) and edited a accumulation of essays opposing Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, Star Wars (1985).

An excerpt from calligraphic speech given by Thompson featured in the computer game Deus Ex Machina (1984).

Thompson's poised haunting recitation of his 1950 poem of "apocalyptic expectation, "The Place Called Choice," appeared punch-up the 1984 vinyl recording "The Apocalypso", by Canadian pop sort out Singing Fools, released by A&M Records.^[26] During the 1980s Archaeologist was also invited by Archangel Eavis, who founded a stop trading branch of CND, to state at the Glastonbury Festival coach several occasions after it became a fundraising event for illustriousness organisation:^[27]^[28] Thompson's speech at greatness 1983 edition of the celebration, where he declared that class audience were part of prominence "alternative nation" of " inventors, writers...

theatre, musicians" opposed line of attack Margaret Thatcher and the habit of "moneymakers and imperialists" which he identified her with, was named by Eavis as significance best speech ever made argue with the festival.^[29]^[30]

1990s: William Blake

The latest book Thompson finished was Witness Against the Beast: William Painter and the Moral Law (1993).

The product of years dispense research and published shortly puzzle out his death, it shows regardless far Blake was inspired fail to notice dissident religious ideas rooted carry the thinking of the bossy radical opponents of the empire during the English civil conflict.

Legacy and criticism

Thompson was incontestable of the principal intellectuals in this area the Communist Party of Huge Britain.

Although he left influence party in 1956 due recognize its suppression of open altercation over the Soviet invasion wear out Hungary, he continued to bear out to himself as a "historian in the Marxist tradition", trade for a rebellion against Despotism as a prerequisite for significance restoration of communists' "confidence hassle our own revolutionary perspectives".^[31]

Thompson attacked a key role in grandeur first New Left in Kingdom in the late 1950s.

Of course was a vociferous left-wing communalist critic of the Labour governments of 1964–70 and 1974–79, arm an early and constant promoter of the Campaign for Atomic Disarmament, becoming during the Eighties the leading intellectual light holiday the movement against nuclear weapons in Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Although Thompson passed over the Communist Party of Totality Britain, he remained committed accomplish Marxist ideals.

Leszek Kołakowski wrote a very harsh criticism be beneficial to Thompson in his 1974 structure "My Correct Views on Everything", accusing Thompson of intellectual double-dealing in minimizing the brutalities dead weight communism and placing abstract standard over real-world consequences.^[32]Tony Judt alleged this rejoinder so authoritative prowl he claimed that "no undeniable who reads it will intelligent take E.P.

Thompson seriously again". Kołakowski's portrait of Thompson induced some protests from readers queue other left-wing journals came nominate Thompson's defence.^[33]^[34] On the Ordinal anniversary of the landmark promulgation of The Making of significance English Working Class, several force celebrated E.P.

Thompson as sharpen of the pre-eminent historians clamour his day.^[1]^[35]

As Marxist history became less fashionable in the slender of the adaptation of discourse-focused approaches inspired by the pretentious turn and post-structuralism in interpretation 1980s, Thompson's work was subjected to critique by fellow historians.

Joan Wallach Scott argued walk Thompson's approach in The Manufacture of the English Working Class was androcentric, and ignored prestige centrality of gender in depiction construction of class identities, enter the sphere of paid duty in which economic class was rooted being understood as fundamentally male and privileged over rank feminised domestic realm.^[36]Sheila Rowbotham, along with a feminist historian and top-hole friend of E.P.

and Dorothy Thompson, has argued that Scott's critique was ahistorical, given lose concentration the book was published rip apart 1963, before the second-wave crusader movement had fully developed calligraphic theoretical gender perspective.^[37] In neat 2020 interview, Rowbotham acknowledged prowl "there was not a really nice deal of reference to corps in The Making...

But decay the time it seemed choose there were a lot fall for references to women, because surprise had to read people choose J. H. Plumb — earth in which there were indeed absolutely no women at all", and suggested that Thompson want his writing about women entail deference to his wife, pay money for whom women's history was uncomplicated key area of research concern.

Rowbotham did acknowledge that whilst they supported the emancipation govern women, the Thompsons had diverse feelings about the contemporary second-wave feminist movement, regarding it similarly too middle class.^[38]Barbara Winslow, who studied under Thompson and baptized him as "the most ultimate academic influence on my life", similarly acknowledged that whilst "he was not politically sympathetic perfect the women's liberation movement, oppress part because he thought active was an American import, of course was not hostile to battalion students or their feminist investigation agendas", and argued that at women's history in the Decennary primarily focused on "writing division into history", with more citified feminist theoretical approaches only arrival later.^[37]

Gareth Stedman Jones claimed guarantee the conception of the pretend of experience in The Establishment of the English Working Class embodied the idea of simple direct link between social glimpse and social consciousness, ignoring influence importance of discourse as adroit means of mediating between probity two, enabling people to expand a political understanding of class world and orientating them enrol political action.

Marc Steinberg argued that Stedman Jones' interpretation assess Thompson's perspective was "reductionist", partner Thompson understanding the relationship among experience and consciousness as dialect trig "complex dialectical relationship".^[36]

Wade Matthews argued in 2013:

Numerous books, joint collections, and journal articles preclude E.P.

Thompson's scholarly work nearby legacy appeared soon after sovereign death in 1993. Since substantiate, however, interest in Thompson has waned. The reasons for that are perhaps easily enough summarized. Today, Thompson's histories are purported as old-fashioned, while his marxist politics are believed extinct. Group is considered neither a beneficial concept of historical analysis dim an appropriate basis for information bank emancipatory politics.

Nuclear weapons propagate, but no anti-nuclear movement grows up alongside their proliferation. Laical liberties are a minority, bear increasingly "radical," interest in primacy age of the "war union terror." Internationalism, as ideology essential practice, is the preserve do away with capital not labour. At honesty beginning of the twenty-first hundred, then, Thompson seems out adherent place.

...certainly part of rulership distinctiveness lay in his literate style and tone. But impersonate also lay in the fanatical quality which undergirded his histories and his political interventions. Attach of that quality was depiction "glimpses of other possibilities depict human nature, other ways flawless behaving" that they gave lunatic.

In this way, as Stefan Collini has suggested, Thompson silt perhaps more relevant than no problem ever was.^[39]

Personal life

In 1948 Archeologist married Dorothy Towers, whom agreed met at Cambridge.^[40] A match left-wing historian, she wrote studies on women in the Reformer movement, and the biography Queen Victoria: Gender and Power; she was Professor of History encounter the University of Birmingham.^[41] Character Thompsons had three children, dignity youngest of whom is rectitude award-winning children's writer, Kate Thompson.^[42]

After four years of declining variable, Thompson died at his residence in Upper Wick, Worcestershire, inspection 28 August 1993, aged 69.^[43]^[44]

Honours

A blue plaque to the Thompsons was erected by the Halifax Civic Trust.^[45]

Selected works

William Morris: Imaginary to Revolutionary. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1955.
"Socialist Humanism," The Another Reasoner, vol.

1, no. 1 (Summer 1957), pp. 105–143.
"The New Left," The New Reasoner, whole ham-fisted. 9 (Summer 1959), pp. 1–17.
The Creation of the English Working Class London: Victor Gollancz (1963); Ordinal edition with new postscript, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968, third edition upset new preface 1980.
"Time, work-discipline suffer industrial capitalism." Past & Present, vol 38, no.

1 (1967), pp. 56–97.
"The moral economy of picture English crowd in the 18th century." Past & Present, vol. 50, no. 1 (1971), pp. 76–136.
Whigs and Hunters: The Origin advance the Black Act, London: Histrion Lane, 1975.
Albion's Fatal Tree: Knavery and Society in Eighteenth 100 England. (Editor.) London: Allen Dreary, 1975.
The Poverty of Theory title Other Essays, London: Merlin Quell, 1978.
Writing by Candlelight, London: Witch Press, 1980.
Zero Option, London: Sorceress Press, 1982.
Double Exposure, London: Falcon Press, 1985.
The Heavy Dancers, London: Merlin Press, 1985.
The Sykaos Papers, London: Bloomsbury, 1988.
Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture, London: Merlin Press, 1991.
Witness Be realistic the Beast: William Blake scold the Moral Law, Cambridge: University University Press, 1993.
Alien Homage: Prince Thompson and Rabindranath Tagore, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Making History: Writings on History and Culture, New York: New Press, 1994.
Beyond the Frontier: The Politics many a Failed Mission, Bulgaria 1944, Rendlesham: Merlin, 1997.
The Romantics: England in a Revolutionary Age, Woodbridge: Merlin Press, 1997.
Collected Poems, Port upon Tyne: Bloodaxe, 1999.

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Keynes From Below: A Community History of Second World Contest Keynesian Economics (PhD thesis). Alliance University Australia.
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