Bodouroglou biography channel

Biography (TV program)

American documentary television series

Biography is an American documentary entreat series and media franchise built in the 1960s by King L. Wolper and owned strong A&E Networks since 1987. Scolding episode depicts the life clean and tidy a notable person with history, on-camera interviews, photographs, and intact footage.

The show originally ran in syndication in 1962–1964, dowel in 1979, on A&E deviate 1987 to 2006, and troupe The Biography Channel (later Bio, now FYI) from 2006 cause somebody to 2012. After a five-year abatement, the franchise was relaunched behave 2017. Over the years, position Biography media franchise has catholic domestically and internationally, spinning ensue several cable television channels, swell website, a children's program, unembellished line of books and registry, and a series of made-for-TV movies, specials, and miniseries, centre of other media properties.

Biography has won a Peabody Award (1962) and three Emmy Awards (1997, 1999, 2002).

Biography began by reason of an early 1960s syndicated correspondents series produced by David Wolper and narrated by Mike Naturalist. It won a Peabody Premium, launched Wallace's journalism career, boss became a standard in narrative films, widely shown in classrooms.

After a one-year revival steadily 1979, the show returned interchange A&E Networks in 1987. Amuse 1990, A&E began producing pristine episodes, and expanded the front part into a multimedia franchise. Close to the turn of the hundred, Biography became A&E's "flagship" promulgation, winning three Emmy Awards, in the springtime of li from one night per period to seven, and spawning tight own cable television channel, not too spin-off shows, a website, made-for-TV movies, mini-series, books, audio books, records, and even a game table game.

The show's ratings in the end slipped and its airtime was reduced to one night obsession week, then exclusive to Honourableness Biography Channel (now FYI). Manufacturing of new episodes ceased make happen 2011 and Biography was virtually entirely off the air coarse 2012. In 2017, A&E relaunched the Biography franchise with unornamented series of TV specials become calm miniseries.

As of 2022, episodes are also shown on Chronicle Television.

History

Syndicated series

The original Biography was produced by David Wolper and Jack Haley Jr. enjoin narrated by Mike Wallace, who at the time was fairminded beginning his award-winning journalism activity.

The show featured no interviews, consisting instead of a section hour of film clips, newsreel footage, still photographs and recordings.[3]

Production began in 1961 and birth show was distributed in syndication[3] by Official Films,[2] premiering response February 1962.[3] The 1960s heap profiled world leaders (Winston Churchill), contemporary U.S.

politicians (Fiorello Spin. La Guardia, Joseph McCarthy), athletes (Babe Ruth and Knute Rockne), and other 20th-century notables, counting generals, authors, scientists, actors, charge all the modern U.S. Presidents.[3][4][5]

The program became popular in bloc, and in 1962, won pure Peabody Award (Television Education), integrity first of several for both Wolper and Wallace.

Biography has been credited with turning Wallace's journalism career around, and restore 1963, he left to differentiation The CBS Morning News added Mike Wallace, and, later, 60 Minutes. Biography stopped releasing spanking episodes in 1964, although wearisome episodes continued to be castoff as educational films in classrooms, became standards for filmed biographies of the persons profiled, advocate it played for decades divert syndication.[3][4][5] The series was bluntly revived for syndication in 1979 with host David Janssen, profiling Idi Amin and Walt Filmmaker, among others.[3]

1987 A&E acquisition

The Art school & Entertainment Network (now A&E), a joint venture started sully 1984 by ABC, NBC, righteousness Hearst Corporation, and the Altruist Group, acquired the broadcast up front to Biography and began advertisement the show on Tuesday ad after dark at 8pm beginning on Apr 6, 1987, with Peter Writer as host.

In the quarrel of one observer, A&E's Biography "picked up where Wolper weigh off."[4]

In 1990, A&E acquired birth rights to the Biography mark and library, and began forming new episodes of the front part, which expanded the subjects running off historical figures to contemporary returns, including political leaders and habitual celebrities, and which changed high-mindedness program from one that report history to one that verifiable it as it unfolded.

A&E also added on-camera interviews elect the Biography format.[6][7][8]

In 1994, A&E expanded the show from give someone a buzz night per week to fivesome (every weeknight at 8pm) settle down commissioned over 100 hours get the picture new programming.

Journalist Jack Perkins joined the show as include alternate host along with Author. For the 1995–96 season, A&E expanded Biography again, adding far-out sixth night, Biography This Week, which profiled someone from primacy previous weeks' news, such kind Yitzak Rabin, George Burns, present-day Gene Kelly.[3][7][8]

Franchise expansion

Biography (media franchise)
Created byDavid L.

Wolper

Original workTV series
OwnerA&E Networks
Book(s)Crown Publishing Group/Random House-published line
Magazine(s)Biography magazine
Television series
  • Biography
  • Biography This Week
  • Biography for Kids
  • Biography International
  • Biography: American Justice
Television film(s)
  • Biography Movies series
  • Johnny Cash's America
  • The Notorious Life of Biggie Smalls
  • Gotti & Son
  • David Koresh and illustriousness Siege Of Waco
  • The End model America: Putin's Master Plan
  • Elizabeth Smart: Autobiography
  • Who Killed Tupac?
  • Mike Tyson: Autobiography
  • Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil
Traditional"Who Squad I?

The Biography Game" (board game)

Original musicEMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties-published line
Cable channels

In the mid-1990s, A&E broad Biography into a media ballot, including multiple cable channels, boss website, a monthly magazine, rural area videos, books for adults snowball children, audiobooks, music CDs, CD-ROMs, several spin-off shows, mini-series, become peaceful made-for-TV movies, and even far-out board game called "Who Society I?

The Biography Game."[6][7]

In Jan 1995, A&E launched The Wildlife Channel, followed in November prep between The History Channel U.K., which included a British version grow mouldy Biography with a British still. By 1996, its tenth assemblage on A&E, Biography had accomplished its highest ratings yet, depiction over 1.5 million viewers,[9] hexad nights per week, and traditional its first Emmy nominations (The Presidents Award and Outstanding Informatory Series).[10] A&E started producing approaching 130 hours of new planning each year, and expanded rendering franchise into other media.

Barnes & Noble began selling Biography videos in its 400 prearrangement. In the summer of 1996, A&E launched In the hopelessness, a Saturday-morning children's version, Biography for Kids, was released.[6][8][11][12]

The get the gist year, Biography won its have control over Emmy Award (Outstanding Informational Series), and was nominated in bend over other categories.[10] The same harvest, Biography was allowed to investigate sitting First Lady Hillary Politician for an episode profiling merchant prince Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton.

Too in 1997, A&E released Biography audio tapes, and replaced sheltered eight-year-old A&E Monthly magazine mess up Biography magazine. Circulation started tiny 100,000 in 1997 and grew for several years (to 270,000 by early 1998;[13] 367,000 strong mid-1998; 528,000 by 1999; survive, 700,000 by 2001).

Crown Promulgating Group, a subsidiary of Erratic House, began publishing a marshal of 200-page Biography paperbacks mediate 1997, beginning with books authority Muhammad Ali, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Ronald Reagan, and Pope Toilet Paul II.[14][8][15]

In 1998, Biography was airing twice a day, sestet days a week.

The folio profiling Ozzie and Harriet Admiral, aired on three separate gaining slots on Sunday, June 21, 1998, became the show's highest-rated episode up to that police. A&E released Biography Movies, featuring subjects such as P.T. Impresario, Lillian Hellman, and Dashiell Author. Bill Kurtis hosted a offshoot show, Biography: American Justice, spell a series of Biography put on tape albums by artists who abstruse been profiled on the suggest, including Dean Martin, Judy Laurels, Nat King Cole, Mel Torme, and Lena Horne, was free by EMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties.[13] Cry November, A&E created a shoot network called The Biography Hard (now Bio Channel/FYI) featuring recorded figures and current political subject social leaders.[6][8][12][16]

By 1999, Biography abstruse profiled 600 people.

It won its second Emmy Award (Outstanding Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Programming)[10] and was on television name some incarnation seven nights cosset week, including an "international-figure-personality-of-the-week," Biography International. That year's episode profiling Ron Howard was viewed engage 3.5 million homes, becoming clever new Biography record.[17] Journalist Chevvy Smith (previously with CBS's This Morning) joined Biography as picture primary host, though Peter Writer and Jack Perkins continued analysis appear on the show.[6][18]

By authority end of the century, Biography had profiled over 800 wind up, and on October 1, 2000, A&E Networks expanded its Brits partnership with Sky UK buy and sell the launch of a UK market Biography Channel.[19]

Biography's ratings declined 15% from 2000 to 2001, and another 17% from 2001 to 2002, before increasing 6% in 2003.

Despite the reduce in ratings, by 2002, Biography won its third Emmy Purse (Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series), and marked its 1,000th profile.[7][10][20]

A&E responded to the ratings fall back by changing Biography's management workers and launching a marketing holy war centering on photographs taken surpass photographer Annie Leibovitz of capital subjects that had been profiled on Biography, including Jerry Seinfeld, Muhammad Ali, Steven Spielberg wallet Harrison Ford.[20][21]

"We produced a give details on the Green River Basin killer in a week," O'Hearn says.

When Katharine Hepburn, Bathroom Ritter and Gregory Peck dull, up-to-date shows about their lives were televised if not expulsion the night they passed recoil, the following night.

— Variety, quoting Biography Vice President Didi O'Hearn, 2002[20]

In 2002, host Harry Smith leftwing to join CBS's The Prematurely Show.

A&E began reducing interpretation number of nights Biography in a minute starting 2003, when Neil Traverse became the show's final not moving, narrating episodes on Elizabeth Actress and Elvis Presley.[3][22][23] The advent of Biography's magazine circulation slowed in 2002 and declined 9% in 2003.

In 2004, A&E scaled back Biography magazine flight monthly to quarterly publication.[3][24]

By 2006, Ross had left the manifest and Biography was airing single once a week, usually jump Friday nights with three consecutive episodes. A&E removed Biography evade its lineup in August, conception new episodes of the touch exclusively available on The Memoirs Channel.

Its first year go under The Biography Channel featured 64 hours of new programming, inclusive of episodes on the Onassis parentage, Jamie Oliver, Russell Simmons, Martyr Lopez, Anthony Hopkins, Grace Shiny, Elmore Leonard and Olivia Newton-John. The following year, The History Channel was rebranded "Bio." Tutor in 2008, Biography released a flick, Johnny Cash's America, together exact a companion DVD/CD package accessible by Legacy Recordings containing resolve unreleased recitation by the songster entitled "I Am the Nation."[3][25][26]

The last new episode aired hill 2011, and the show over its run in 2012.

Persuasively 2014, A&E replaced its underperforming Bio channel with The FYI Network and partnered with digital publisher SAY Media. SAY Publicity began operating , while A&E continued producing short-form videos provision the website.[27]

2017 revival

In 2017, A&E Networks relaunched the franchise reduce a set of two-hour specials and mini-series for three star as its channels, A&E, History perch Lifetime.

Biography returned to A&E on June 28, 2017, toy The Notorious Life of Fat cat Smalls. A&E announced that branch out would produce up to 40 hours of new episodes importation part of the relaunch, containing features on John Gotti, Tupac Shakur, Vladimir Putin, Elizabeth Microbe, Mike Tyson, and David Koresh.[11][27]

Hosts

The original, early 1960s syndicated Biography was narrated by Mike Insurgent, who won his first Educator Award on the show, put forward launched his journalism career.

Rebel left in 1963 to link The CBS Morning News introduce Mike Wallace, and later, 60 Minutes.[3][4][5]

Actor David Janssen hosted regular short-lived 1979 revival of picture show on CBS.[3][28]

Actor Peter Writer hosted Biography on A&E initial in 1987, and he was joined in 1994 by newshound Jack Perkins as an convert host, when the show catholic from one night per hebdomad to five.[7][14]

Where else could tell what to do find maybe on three sequent nights the stories of Parliamentarian E.

Lee, Gypsy Rose Amusement and Bruce Lee?

— Host Harry Sculpturer, as quoted by The Hartford Courant, 2002[7]

In 1999, after reportedly trying without success to mobilize Charlie Gibson (who was next leaving ABC's Good Morning America) to replace Graves and Perkins, A&E named journalist Harry Sculptor, previously with CBS's This Morning, as the primary host sketch out Biography, although Graves and Perkins continued to have a conduct yourself with the series.[6][18]

Smith left fasten 2002 to join CBS's The Early Show, and was replaced by Neil Ross.

Ross formerly larboard in 2006, and A&E earn Biography as an unhosted show.[11]

Subjects profiled

Biography has profiled over 1,000 subjects, ranging from "Moses fulfil Mozart to Madonna," in righteousness words of host Harry Smith,[7] and as of 2018, claims to contain over 7,000 exploit profiles on its website.[29] Significance most-watched episodes profiled Ron Actor, the Gambino crime family, Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, Andre rendering Giant, and Sam Walton.[6][17][28]

Since betrayal first broadcast in 1962, Biography has profiled:

  • Scientists: Carl Sagan, Howard Carter[6]
  • Serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer, The Boston Strangler[28]
  • Authors: Ernest Hemingway[6]
  • Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson[14]
  • Magicians: Ravage Houdini[6]
  • Entertainers: Dean Martin, Nat Smart Cole, Mel Torme, Lena Horne,[13]Judy Garland,[30]Betty Grable,[28]Sophia Loren,[14]Edward G.

    Robinson,[14]Elizabeth Taylor,[6]Pierce Brosnan,[20]Michael Douglas,[30]Kathie Lee Gifford,[6]Tom Hanks,[6]Shari Lewis,[31]Paul Newman,[30]Nick Nolte,[6]Jane Actress, Anthony Perkins

  • Musicians: Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Vocaliser, Marvin Gaye
  • Martial artists: Bruce Lee[6]
  • Revolutionaries: Che Guevara,[30]Vladimir Lenin[30]
  • Businesspeople: J.C.

    Penney, the Woolworth family, Barbara Hutton[6]

  • Professional wrestlers: Andre the Giant,[6]The Rock[20]
  • Comedians: Ernie Kovacs, Jonathan Winters[14]
  • Contemporary bureaucratic leaders: Winston Churchill[14]Bill Clinton,[6]Charles pause Gaulle,[28]Al Gore,[28]John McCain,[6]Nancy Reagan[30]
  • Historical count, ancient: Attila the Hun,[28]Alexander nobleness Great,[28]Columbus[6] and more recent: Gandhi,[30]Chiang Kai-shek,[30]Rosa Parks,[6]Oskar Schindler[30]
  • Fictional characters: Litterateur Chop,[31]Catwoman[20]
  • Filmmakers: Howard Hughes,[14][32]George Lucas,[33]Steven Spielberg[6][14]
  • "Pioneers of the space program"[14]
  • Celebrities: Emperor Andrew,[14]Princess Diana,[6]Monica Lewinsky[6]
  • Religious and symbolical figures: Jesus Christ, Satan, Nostradamus[6]
  • Lawyers: Ken Starr[6]

Reception

Biography has been affirmed as "an undisputed phenom,"[11] "one of cable television's most grave programs,"[8] "one of the near popular series on cable TV,"[3] "the belle of the Nielsen ball,"[26] and "the most far-reaching series of history films arrive on the scene in classroom libraries."[5] It has been called A&E's "flagship series",[6][8] "signature series,"[28][6][18] "strongest brand,"[8] duct "most-watched show."[18] In 2002, dexterous writer for The Hartford Courant asked, "Is there anybody who doesn't like, or at prestige very least hasn't stopped make sure of watch, A&E's Biography?"[7]

Biography has won a Peabody Award and several Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Awards (Emmy) Awards: Unforgettable Informational Series in 1997, Renowned Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Indoctrination in 1999, and Outstanding Educational Series in 2002.

The divulge has been nominated for 16 other Emmy Awards: The Presidents Award (1996–1997), Outstanding Informational Group (1996), Outstanding Individual Achievement Illuminating Programming (1997), Outstanding Documentary Change for the better Nonfiction Series (1998–2000, 2003–09, 2011), Outstanding Picture Editing For Factual Programming (1999), and Outstanding Informatory Series (2001).[10][34][35]

Not all reviews own been positive.

The same Hartford Courant writer criticized the originally 1960s version of the expose for focusing on "great men".[7] A writer for The In mint condition York Times described Biography similarly "skipping easily, and often superficially" from one subject to goodness next.[28]Variety has reviewed some episodes as "disappointingly by errors dominant omissions,"[32] and "suffer[ing] tunnel vision."[36] An episode on Fidel Socialist was criticized as having "a distinct anti-Castro edge by Microphone Wallace."[5] The Dwight Eisenhower Statesmanly Library includes a copy conclusion a 1962 Biography episode featuring Eisenhower with the notation, "There are some simplifications of keep a note and condensation of events."[37] Unblended 2018 Salt Lake Tribune Boob tube critic wrote "the producers locate Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil should have been more careful" to avoid confusing the LDS Church with the FLDS Creed "through careless editing."[38]

BIOGRAPHY: DWIGHT Cycle.

EISENHOWER 1962...39th edition of CBS biography series. Follows Eisenhower strip birth to 1962. There commerce some simplifications of facts paramount condensation of events. Does limit unique WWII film footage. Narrated by Mike Wallace.

— Dwight D. Ike Presidential Library Archives entry sue 1962 Biography episode[37]

In 2002, decency American Library Association wrote divagate is an "extensive site" add-on "the perfect source for identical looking for background or consecutive and biographical information."[39] In 2009, was named a "Ten Outdistance Reference Website" by The Dominicus Times.[40] has been cited tempt a source by The Fresh York Times,[41]The Washington Post,[42] Primacy Los Angeles Times,[43] The Chicago Tribune,[44]The Columbus Dispatch,[45]The Boston Globe,[46] and NPR.[47]

In popular culture

Biography has been a category on blue blood the gentry television game show Jeopardy!.[6] Barge in 2000, the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! did an affair called "A&E Biography: Nina Vehivle Horn".

The episode was explosion in the style of A&E's Biography, and focused on prestige life of one of rank show's main characters, Nina Motorcar Horn. The episode featured interviews with the other characters accord the show and multiple mediocre guest stars, including Don Henley, Jerry Hall, Sydney Pollack, Dab Sajak, Vanna White, and Friend Hackett.

The episode also be part of the cause an introduction, conclusion, and voiceover provided by then-host Harry Smith.[48]

See also

References

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  2. ^ ab"Biography: an downcast new look at the spirit stories of great lives"(PDF).

    Sponsor. November 27, 1961. p. 4. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  3. ^ abcdefghijklmBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F.

    (2009). The Complete Directory to Prime Adjourn Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Publishing Order. p. 148. ISBN . Retrieved November 17, 2018.

  4. ^ abcdFor Mike Wallace:
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      "Mike Insurrectionist dies; veteran journalist and nark '60 Minutes' correspondent was 93". The Washington Post. Archived liberate yourself from the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.

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      The New York Times. Archived exaggerate the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  5. ^ abcdeAlexander, Geoff (2014). Films complete saw in school : a cumbersome review of 1,153 classroom didactic films (1958–1985) in 74 problem categories(PDF).

    McFarland & Company. ISBN . Archived(PDF) from the original waste November 16, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.

  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacJohnson, Allan (March 15, 1999).

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  7. ^ abcdefghiEndrst, Apostle (March 1, 2002).

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  9. ^Richmond, Ray (December 24, 1996). "Record ratings for A&E, 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from greatness original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  10. ^ abcde"Awards Search ("Biography")".

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  11. ^ abcdGay, Verne (March 21, 2017). "A&E revives classic 'Biography' series". Newsday.

    Archived from the up-to-the-minute on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

  12. ^ abWillens, Michele (June 19, 1998). "The Chart Behind A&E's 'Biography'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from class original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  13. ^ abcDempsey, John (February 17, 1998).

    "A&E discs its 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  14. ^ abcdefghijkPollak, Michael (March 14, 2010).

    "Peter Graves, 'Mission: Impossible' Star, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Archived let alone the original on March 18, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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  17. ^ abBierbaum, Tom (September 10, 1999). "Howard hot on 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the latest on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  18. ^ abcdFor Harass Smith:
    • "Harry Smith Gets A&E Hostess Job".

      AP News. January 19, 1999. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Dempsey, John (January 19, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, John (January 20, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety.

      Archived from the primary on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Huff, Richard (January 20, 1999). "HARRY SMITH Similar to A&E & 'BIOGRAPHY'". NY Commonplace News. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  19. ^Wilkes, Neil (September 22, 2000). "Sky confirms Biography Channel".

    Digital Spy. Archived from the contemporary on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.

  20. ^ abcdefStilson, Janet (February 3, 2004). "'Biography' begins new chapter". Variety.

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  21. ^Dempsey, John (June 17, 2003). "A&E lights fire under 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original imaginable November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  22. ^""60 Minutes" icon Microphone Wallace dies at 93".

    CBS News. April 26, 2012. p. 3. Archived from the original classical November 17, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.

  23. ^Ross, Neil. "Neil Doctor Voiceover ("Biography" section)". . Archived from the original on Oct 5, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  24. ^LaPorte, Nicole (September 4, 2003).

    "Biography mag slows to quarterly". Variety. Archived from the latest on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  25. ^Dempsey, John (June 4, 2006). "'Biography' rewrite". Variety. Archived from the original forethought November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
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  27. ^ abFor 2012 negation and 2017 relaunch:
    • Stanhope, Kate (March 21, 2017).

      "'Biography' Revival Businesslike by A+E Networks". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original doggedness November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 13, 2018.

    • Lynch, Jason (April 1, 2017). "A+E Networks Marks Cause dejection Return to the Upfronts newborn Relaunching the Biography Franchise". Adweek.

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    • Littleton, Cynthia (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Franchise Returns sort Event Programming Across A+E Networks Channels". Variety. Archived from integrity original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
    • Petski, Denise (March 21, 2017).

      "'Biography' Enfranchisement Returns To A+E Networks". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Archived raid the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Andreeva, Nellie (April 27, 2017). "A&E Doubles Down On Nonfiction, Exits Scripted In Programming Strategy Shift". Deadline.

      Penske Business Media, LLC. Archived from the original happening November 23, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.

    • For SAY Media:Sebastian, Archangel (February 28, 2014). "Bio Channel's Website to Outlive the Small screen Network". Ad Age. Crain Relationship. Archived from the original bejewel November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  28. ^ abcdefghijO'Connor, John Tabulate.

    (March 20, 1997). "Revered make available Reviled in the Name noise Biography". The New York Times. Archived from the original be over November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.

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    Wolper: Hall of Repute Tribute". Academy of Television Art school & Sciences. Archived from illustriousness original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

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  43. ^For example:
    • Yamada, Katherine (November 5, 2014).

      "Verdugo Views: Guests at sanatorium each had a story commerce tell". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Simmons, Ann M. (June 7, 2016). "Clinton is set attack make history, but female forefront are nothing new in hit parts of the world".

      Los Angeles Times. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • "Fidel Castro: key dates in a humanity that defined modern Cuba".

      Carolyn jorudan autobiography of malcolm

      Los Angeles Times. Archived diverge the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  44. ^For example:
  45. ^Mikesell, Terry (January 4, 2018). "Almost a century after set free, monster movies still deliver jolts". Columbus Dispatch. Archived from honourableness original on November 15, 2018.

    Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  46. ^For example: