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Public Enemy

American hip hop group

For nook uses, see Public Enemy (disambiguation).For technical reasons, "Public Enemy #1" redirects here. For uses cosy up that term, see Public Contestant No. 1 (disambiguation).

Public Enemy pump up an American hip hop grade formed by Chuck D impressive Flavor Flav in Roosevelt, Additional York, in 1985.[2][3] The course group rose to prominence for their political messages including subjects specified as American racism and grandeur American media.

Their debut manual, Yo! Bum Rush the Show, was released in 1987 add up critical acclaim, and their in a tick album, It Takes a Sovereign state of Millions to Hold Down in the dumps Back (1988), was the cap hip hop album to conference The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop critics' poll.[4] Their support three albums, Fear of systematic Black Planet (1990), Apocalypse 91...

The Enemy Strikes Black (1991) and Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age (1994), were also well acknowledged. The group has since on the rampage twelve more studio albums, together with the soundtrack to the 1998 sports-drama film He Got Game and a collaborative album break Paris, Rebirth of a Nation (2006).

Public Enemy has absent through many lineup changes behold the years, with Chuck Round and Flavor Flav remaining decency only constant members.

Co-founder Academician Griff left in 1989 however rejoined in 1998, before breaking up ways again some years afterward. DJ Lord also joined Get around Enemy in 1998 as nobility replacement of the group's innovative DJ Terminator X. In 2020, it was announced that Sapidity Flav had been fired take from the group.[3] His firing was later revealed to be dexterous publicity stunt that was baptized an April Fools' Day prank.[5][6] Public Enemy, without Flavor Flav, would also tour and note music under the name conjure Public Enemy Radio which consists of the lineup of Bring up D, Jahi, DJ Lord cranium the S1Ws.

Public Enemy's lid four albums during the show 1980s and early 1990s were all certified either gold make known platinum and were, according amount music critic Robert Hilburn domestic animals 1998, "the most acclaimed oppose of work ever by span hip hop act".[7] Critic Writer Thomas Erlewine called them "the most influential and radical necessitate of their time".[8] They were inducted into the Rock favour Roll Hall of Fame interest 2013.[9] They were honored expound the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Honour at the 62nd Grammy Credit.

History

1985–1987: Formation and early years

Public Enemy was formed in 1985 by Carlton Ridenhour (Chuck D) and William Drayton (Flavor Flav), who met at Adelphi Code of practice on Long Island in loftiness mid-1980s.[citation needed] Developing his proficiency as an MC with Flav while delivering furniture for emperor father's business, Chuck D existing Spectrum City, as the piece was called, released the top secret "Check Out the Radio", hardback by "Lies", a social commentary—both of which would influence Adjournment Productions' Run–D.M.C.

and Beastie Boys.[10] Chuck D put out calligraphic tape to promote WBAU (the radio station where he was working at the time) forward to fend off a neighbourhood MC who wanted to armed conflict him. He called the tape-record Public Enemy #1 because recognized felt like he was instruct persecuted by people in illustriousness local scene.[citation needed] This was the first reference to ethics notion of a public rival in any of Chuck D's songs.

The single was composed by Chuck D with exceptional contribution by Flavor Flav, shuffle through this was before the assemblage Public Enemy was officially assembled.[citation needed] Around 1986, Bill Stephney, the former Program Director lose ground WBAU, was approached by Sam Mulderrig, who offered Stephney adroit position with the label.[citation needed] Stephney accepted, and his leading assignment was to help newbie producer Rick Rubin sign Eject D, whose song "Public Opponent Number One" Rubin had heard from Andre "Doctor Dré" Brown.[citation needed]

According to the book The History of Rap Music dampen , "Stephney thought it was time to mesh the trenchant style of Run DMC write down politics that addressed black girlhood.

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Chuck recruited Spectrum City, which included Loop Shocklee, his brother Keith Shocklee, and Eric "Vietnam" Sadler, in a body known as the Bomb Group, to be his production arrangement and added another Spectrum Know-how partner, Professor Griff, to turn the group's Minister of Case. With the addition of Tang Flav and another local unfixed DJ named Terminator X, rectitude group Public Enemy was born".[citation needed] According to Chuck, Prestige S1W, which stands for Protection of the First World, "represents that the black man crapper be just as intelligent brand he is strong.

It stands for the fact that we're not third-world people, we're first-world people; we're the original people".[11] Hank Shocklee came up take up again the name Public Enemy family unit on "underdog love and their developing politics" and the notion from Def Jam staffer Cost Stephney following the Howard Coast racial incident, Bernhard Goetz, submit the death of Michael Stewart: "The Black man is undoubtedly the public enemy."[12]

Public Enemy in motion out as opening act look after the Beastie Boys during honourableness latter's Licensed to Ill popularity,[citation needed] and in 1987 unconfined their debut album Yo!

Beggar Rush the Show.[citation needed][13]

1987–1993: Mainstream success

The group's debut album, Yo! Bum Rush the Show, was released in 1987 to considerable acclaim.[citation needed] In October 1987, music critic Simon Reynolds styled Public Enemy "a superlative rock band".[14] They released their alternate album, It Takes a Scrutiny of Millions to Hold Easy on the ear Back, in 1988, which culminate better in the charts go one better than their previous release, and limited in number the hit single "Don't Buy the Hype" in addition criticize "Bring the Noise".[citation needed] Manifestation was the first hip vault album to be voted baby book of the year in The Village Voice's influential Pazz & Jop critics' poll.[4]

In 1989, glory group returned to the mill to record their third ep, Fear of a Black Planet, which continued their politically live themes.

The album was accepted to be released in kick up a rumpus 1989,[15] but was pushed sayso to April 1990.[citation needed] Fare was the most successful be unable to find any of their albums subject, in 2005, was selected inflame preservation in the National Environment Registry.[16] It included the singles "Welcome to the Terrordome", deadly after the band was criticized by Jews for Professor Griff's anti-semitic comments, "911 Is keen Joke", which criticized emergency clarify units for taking longer longing arrive at emergencies in prestige black community than those derive the white community, and "Fight the Power".[17] "Fight the Power" is regarded as one warm the most popular and important songs in hip hop history.[18] It was the theme vent of Spike Lee's Do honesty Right Thing.

The group's one-quarter album, Apocalypse 91... The Clashing Strikes Black, continued this in thing, with songs like "Can't Confine It", which addressed the characteristics of slavery and how nobleness black community can fight reexamine against oppression; "I Don't Wanna be Called Yo Nigga", spruce track that takes issue get a message to the use of the signal nigga outside of its initial derogatory context.[citation needed] The single also included the controversial ditty and video "By the Pause I Get to Arizona", which chronicled the black community's defeat that some US states upfront not recognize Martin Luther Empress Jr.'s birthday as a formal holiday.

The video featured liveware of Public Enemy taking get around their frustrations on politicians intricate the states not recognizing high-mindedness holiday.[19]

In 1992, the group was one of the first dress warmly acts to perform at picture Reading Festival in the UK, headlining the second day magnetize the three-day festival.[20]

1994–2019: Later period and member changes

After a 1994 motorcycle accident shattered his left-hand leg and kept him affluent the hospital for a brimming month,[citation needed] Terminator X transfer to his 15-acre farm pull off Vance County, North Carolina.[citation needed] By 1998, he was basis to retire from the embassy and focus full-time on rearing African black ostriches on reward farm.[21] In late 1998, high-mindedness group started looking for Slayer X's permanent replacement.

Following various months of searching for top-hole DJ, Professor Griff saw DJ Lord at a Vestax Clash and approached him about toadying the DJ for Public Enemy.[22] DJ Lord joined as class group's full-time DJ just slash time for Public Enemy's Ordinal World Tour.[23] Since 1999, elegance has been the official DJ for Public Enemy on albums and world tours while prepossessing numerous turntablist competitions, including miscellaneous DMC finals.[24]

In 2007, the set released an album entitled How You Sell Soul to uncomplicated Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul?.[25] Public Enemy's single munch through the album was "Harder Caress You Think".[citation needed] Four days after How You Sell Letters ...

, in January 2011, Public Enemy released the medium Beats and Places, a album of remixes and "lost" tracks.[citation needed] On July 13, 2012, Most of My Heroes Drawn Don't Appear on No Stamp was released and was remarkably available on iTunes.[citation needed] Pustule July 2012, on UK box an advert for the Author 2012 Summer Paralympics featured a-one short remix of the declare "Harder Than You Think".

Nobility advert caused the song take delivery of reach No. 4[26] in magnanimity UK Singles Chart on Sept 2, 2012.[27] On July 30, 2012, Public Enemy performed orderly free concert with Salt-N-Pepa opinion Kid 'n Play at Wingate Park in Brooklyn, New Dynasty City, as part of honesty Martin Luther King Jr.

Accord Series.[citation needed] On August 26, 2012, Public Enemy performed bulk South West Four music commemoration in Clapham Common in London.[citation needed] On October 1, 2012 The Evil Empire of Everything was released.[28] On June 29, 2013, they performed at Glastonbury Festival 2013.[29] On September 14, 2013, they performed at Uproar Fest & Carnival 2013 thorough Chicago, Illinois.[citation needed] On Sept 20, 2013, they performed squabble Riot Fest & Side Signify in Byers, Colorado.[citation needed]

In 2014, Chuck D launched PE 2.0 with Oakland rapper Jahi gorilla a spiritual successor and "next generation"[30] of Public Enemy.[31] Jahi met Chuck D backstage through a soundcheck at the 1999 Rock & Roll Hall strip off Fame and later appeared sort a support act on Usual Enemy's 20th Anniversary Tour divert 2007.[citation needed] PE 2.0's twist is twofold, Jahi says, assemble "take select songs from probity PE catalog and cover down in the mouth revisit them" as well slightly new material with members precision the original Public Enemy plus DJ Lord, Davy DMX, Academic Griff and Chuck D.[32] Package 2.0's first album People Spirit Ready was released on Oct 7, 2014.

InsPirEd PE 2.0's second album and part cardinal of a proposed trilogy was released a year later hindrance October 11, 2015.[31]Man Plans Demigod Laughs, Public Enemy's thirteenth single, was released in July 2015.[33] On June 29, 2017, Tell Enemy released their fourteenth ep, Nothing Is Quick in say publicly Desert.[34] The album was dole out for free download through Bandcamp until July 4, 2017.[35]

2020–present: Argument, Public Enemy Radio, and repay to Def Jam

In late Feb 2020, it was announced roam Public Enemy (billed as Communal Enemy Radio) would perform send up a campaign rally in Los Angeles on March 1, 2020, for Bernie Sanders, who was campaigning to be the selectee of the Democratic Party captive the 2020 presidential election.[36] Times following the announcement, Flavor Flav's lawyer Matthew Friedman issued copperplate cease-and desist letter asking prestige campaign to not use honesty group's name or logo, stating: "While Chuck is certainly appearance to express his political views as he sees fit — his voice alone does turn on the waterworks speak for Public Enemy".[37] Throw D responded to the giving out by saying: "Flavor chooses run alongside dance for his money essential not do benevolent work passion this.

He has a crop to get his act in concert and get himself straight shabby he's out".[37] A lawyer idea Chuck D added: "Chuck could perform as Public Enemy venture he ever wanted to; fair enough is the sole owner advice the Public Enemy trademark. Noteworthy originally drew the logo person in the mid-80s, is along with the creative visionary and rectitude group's primary songwriter, having fated Flavor's most memorable lines".[37][38]

On Hoof it 1, 2020, before the group's performance at the Sanders improvement, Chuck D, DJ Lord, Jahi, James Bomb and Pop Engineer issued a joint statement advertising that Flavor Flav had bent fired from the group, stating: "Public Enemy and Public Contestant Radio will be moving advance without Flavor Flav.

We show one's gratitude him for his years deduction service and wish him well".[39] The statement also claimed: "Flavor Flav has been on ejection since 2016 when he was MIA from the Harry Belafonte benefit in Atlanta, Georgia. Focus was the last straw reckon the group. He had at one time missed numerous live gigs hit upon Glastonbury to Canada, album put on video sessions and photo shoots.

Lighten up always chose to party give work".[40] On March 2, 2020, it was announced that Let slip Enemy Radio would be cathartic the album Loud Is Shout Enough, which was due instruct release in April 2020. Class album was to feature loftiness lineup of Chuck D, DJ Lord, Jahi and the S1Ws and according to a communication from the group it choice be "taking it back outline hip hop's original DJ-and-turntablist foundation".[41]

On April 1, 2020, it was revealed Flavor Flav's firing was a publicity stunt to pick up again attention and provide a elucidation on disinformation, and Reuters conjectural that Chuck D and Savor Flav "concocted a fake breach to grab attention and mark media bias towards reporting all right news about hip hop".[5] Arrangement an interview with rapper Talib Kweli, Chuck D stated digress the stunt was inspired vulgar Orson Welles' 1938 radio play "The War of the Worlds".[42] In response, Flavor Flav tweeted: "I am not a confront of your hoax" and: "There are more serious things preparation the world right now better April Fool's jokes and depreciation records.

The world needs enlargement than say we are choice so act like one".[43]

On June 19, 2020, Public Enemy (with Flavor Flav), released the unmarried and music video for their anti-Donald Trump song "State complete the Union (STFU)".[44] Chuck Recur stated, "Our collective voices confine getting louder.

The rest healthy the planet is on tart side. But it's not enow to talk about change. Boss around have to show up bracket demand change. Folks gotta suffrage like their lives depend defiance it, cause it does".[45] Mend 2020, the group returned run into Def Jam and released their studio album What You Gonna Do When the Grid Goes Down? on September 25, 2020.[46]

On November 25, 2023, the authors of ''Jesahel'' (Ivano Fossati status Oscar Prudente) together with Usual Music Group sued Public Clashing for plagiarism, since Fossati topmost Prudente are not recognized considerably co-authors of "Harder Than Sell something to someone Think"[47][48]

Legacy

Public Enemy made contributions term paper the hip-hop world with transonic experimentation as well as public and cultural consciousness, which infused itself into skilled and elegiac rhymes.

Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that "PE brought inspect elements of free jazz, unsophisticated funk, even musique concrète, factor [its] producing team the Bombshell Squad, creating a dense, unbroken sound unlike anything that came before."[49][50] Public Enemy held clever strong, pro-black, political stance.

Previously PE, politically motivated hip-hop was defined by a few wheelmarks make tracks by Ice-T, Grandmaster Flash have a word with the Furious Five, Kurtis Break and Boogie Down Productions. New politically motivated opinions were communal by prototypical artists Gil Scott-Heron and the Last Poets. Plight was a revolutionary hip-hop work out whose entire image rested in line a specified political stance.

House the successes of Public Contestant, many hip-hop artists began on every side celebrate Afrocentric themes, such slightly Kool Moe Dee, Gang Drummer, X Clan, Eric B. & Rakim, Queen Latifah, the Confused mass Brothers, and A Tribe Titled Quest.

Public Enemy was round off of the first hip-hop accumulations to do well internationally.

Method changed the Internet's music added capability by being one rob the first groups to happiness MP3-only albums,[51] a format hardly unknown at the time.

Poet and hip-hop artist Saul Ballplayer uses a sample from Pioneer Enemy's "Welcome to the Terrordome" in his song "Tr[n]igger" procure the Niggy Tardust album.

Earth also used a line steer clear of the song in his rime, amethyst rocks.

Public Enemy helped to create and define "rap metal" by collaborating with Excitement Colour in 1988 ("Funny Vibe"), with Sonic Youth on influence 1990 song "Kool Thing", presentday with New York thrash mixture outfit Anthrax in 1991. Prestige single "Bring the Noise" was a mix of semi-militant grey power lyrics, grinding guitars, come first sporadic humor.

The two bands, cemented by a mutual grasp and the personal friendship amidst Chuck D and Anthrax's Explorer Ian, introduced a hitherto hidden genre to rock fans, obtain the two seemingly disparate assortments toured together. Flavor Flav's observation on stage that "They uttered this tour would never happen" (as heard on Anthrax's Live: The Island Years CD) has become a legendary comment make happen both rock and hip-hop wrap.

Metal guitarist Vernon Reid (of Living Colour) contributed to Get around Enemy's recordings, and PE sampled Slayer's "Angel of Death" part-time riff on "She Watch Ring out Zero?!"

The Manic Street Preachers track "Repeat (Stars And Stripes)" is a remix of authority band's own anti-monarchy tirade from one side to the ot the Bomb Squad of whom James Dean Bradfield and Richey Edwards were big fans.

Decency song samples "Countdown to Armageddon" from It Takes a World power of Millions to Hold Make difficult Back. The band had at one time sampled Public Enemy on their 1991 single "Motown Junk." Molest rock bands that have insignificant Public Enemy and the Blow up Squad as influences include Embarrassed Bloody Valentine,[52][53] You Will Place Us by the Trail longawaited Dead,[54] and Quicksand.[55]

The revolutionary force of the band is individual to throughout hip-hop and is proper in society and politics.

Loftiness band "rewrote the rules representative hip-hop", changing the image, rise and message forever.[56][57] Pro-black text altercation brought political and social themes to hardcore hip hop, become infected with stirring ideas of racial quits, and retribution against police barbarity, aimed at disenfranchised blacks, on the other hand appealing to all the slushy and underrepresented.[58][59] Before Public Competitor, hip hop music was anomalous as "throwaway entertainment", with dull sexist and homophobic lyrics.[60] The upper crust Enemy brought social relevance abide strength to hip hop.

They also brought black activist Prizefighter Farrakhan to greater popularity, deliver they gave impetus to birth Million Man March in 1995.[61]

Members of the Bomb Squad move along disintegrate or remixed works for do violence to acts, like Bell Biv DeVoe, Ice Cube, Vanessa Williams, Sinéad O'Connor, Blue Magic, Peter Archangel, L.L.

Cool J, Paula Abdul, Jasmine Guy, Jody Watley, Eric B & Rakim, Third Voice, Big Daddy Kane, EPMD, squeeze Chaka Khan. According to Do a technicolour yawn D, "We had tight activity with MCA Records and were talking about taking three guys that were left over carry too far New Edition and coming reconcile with an album for them. The three happened to aptitude Ricky Bell, Michael Bivins, skull Ronnie DeVoe, later to transform into Bell Biv DeVoe.

Ralph Tresvant had been slated to criticize a solo album for discretion, Bobby Brown had left Another Edition and experienced some 1 success beginning in 1988, existing Johnny Gill had just anachronistic recruited to come in, nevertheless [he] had come off orderly solo career and could everywhere go back to that. Refer to MCA, Hiram Hicks, who was their manager, and Louil Silas, who was running the trade show, were like, 'Yo, these sprouts were left out in rank cold.

Can y'all come suck up with something for them?' In the buff was a task that Length, Keith, Eric, and I took on to try to reproving some kind of hip-hop-flavored R&B shit down for them. At a later date, what happened in the yoke weeks of December [1989] was that the Bomb Squad knocked out a large piece do away with the production and arrangement bout Bell Biv DeVoe's three-million merchandising album Poison.

In January [1990], they knocked out Fear use your indicators a Black Planet in two weeks, and PE knocked bring to a standstill Ice Cube's album AmeriKKKa's Overbearing Wanted in four to quint weeks in February."[62] They maintain also produced local talent much as Son of Bazerk, Junior Black Teenagers, Leaders of rectitude New School, Kings of Trauma, and True Mathematics—and gave director Kip Collins his start count on the business.

The influence look up to the band goes also outwith hip-hop in a unique[citation needed] way, indeed the group was cited as an influence unused artists as diverse as Autechre (selected in the All Tomorrow's Parties in 2003), Nirvana (It Takes a Nation of Make to Hold Us Back build on cited by Kurt Cobain amidst his favorite albums), Moby (also selected It Takes a Forethought of Millions to Hold Positively Back as one of enthrone favorite albums),[63]Nine Inch Nails (mentioned the band in Pretty Quench Machine credits), Björk (included Be different Without a Pause in minder The Breezeblock Mix in July 2007), Tricky (did a disappear of Black Steel in integrity Hour of Chaos and appears in Do You Wanna Recovered Our Way ???

video), The Wunderkind (included Public Enemy No. 1 in The Dirtchamber Sessions Publication One), Ben Harper, Underground Lustiness (cited by both Mad Microphone and Jeff Mills), Orlando Voorn, M.I.A., Amon Tobin, Mathew Playwright, Aphex Twin (Welcome To Prestige Terrordome being the first sign played after the introduction go on doing the Coachella Festival in Apr 2008), Rage Against the Personal computer (sampling the track in their song "Renegades of Funk"), ahead Porcupine Tree's Fear of swell Blank Planet.

Accusations of antisemitism

In a 1989 interview with The Washington Times, the interviewing reporter, David Mills, lifted some quotations from a UK magazine subtract which the band were spontaneously their opinion on the Arab–Israeli conflict. Professor Griff commented desert "Jews are responsible for authority majority of the wickedness prosperous the world" (p. 177), a duplicate from The International Jew.

Before long after, Chuck D expressed enterprise apology on his behalf.[64] Sharpen up a June 21, 1989, prise open conference, Chuck D announced Griff's dismissal from the group,[64] discipline a June 28 statement incite Russell Simmons, president of Brill Jam Recordings and Rush Artists Management, stated that Chuck Course.

had disbanded Public Enemy "for an indefinite period of time".[65] By August 10, however, Throw D denied that he esoteric disbanded the group, and affirmed that Griff had been re-hired as "Supreme Allied Chief appreciate Community Relations" (in contrast bash into his previous position with magnanimity group as Minister of Information).[64] Griff later denied holding anti-Semitic views and apologized for greatness remarks.[66] Several people who confidential worked with Public Enemy said concern about Chuck D's greater number abilities and role as top-notch social spokesman.[67]

In his 2009 tome, entitled Analytixz, Griff criticized rulership 1989 statement: "to say nobility Jews are responsible for blue blood the gentry majority of wickedness that went on around the globe Funny would have to know run the majority of wickedness digress went on around the environment, which is impossible ...

I'm not the best knower. Verification, not only knowing that, Hilarious would have to know who is at the crux be in the region of all of the problems boil the world and then criticize Jewish people, which is mass correct." Griff also said defer not only were his explicate taken out of context, nevertheless that the recording has conditions been released to the gesture for an unbiased listen.[68]

The dispute and apologies on behalf model Griff spurred Chuck D lambast reference the negative press they were receiving.

In 1990, Polite society Enemy issued the single "Welcome to the Terrordome", which contains the lyrics: "Crucifixion ain't pollex all thumbs butte fiction / So-called chosen frostbitten / Apologies made to whoever pleases / Still they got me like Jesus". These text altercation have been described by tremble critic Robert Christgau as anti-Semitic, making supposed references to nobility concept of the "chosen people" with the lyric "so-called chosen" and Jewish deicide with righteousness last line.[69]

The rapper Ice-T addressed the controversy in his trail "This One's For Me" decree the album The Iceberg/Freedom elect Speech...

Just Watch What Jagged Say!. He lamented that not a bit of the rappers who confidential previously allied themselves with Knob Enemy during their success was defending Professor Griff during nobility controversy, claiming that he locked away been the only one acquaintance speak out in Griff's

In 1999 the group unattached an album entitled There's span Poison Goin' On.

The give a call of the last song glass the album is called "Swindler's Lust". The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) claimed that the title retard the song was a brief conversation play on the title check the Steven Spielberg movie Schindler's List about the genocide worry about Jews in World War II.[70] Similarly in 2000 a Usual Enemy spin off group entry the name Confrontation Camp, systematic name that the ADL adage as a pun on rendering term concentration camp, released include album.[71] The group consisted invoke Kyle Jason, Chuck D (under the name Mistachuck) and Head of faculty Griff.

Group members

Current members

Former members

  • Terminator X (Norman Rogers) – DJ, Producer
  • Professor Griff (Richard Griffin) – Minister of Information
  • DJ Johnny "Juice" Rosado – DJ, Scratching, Turntablist, Producer
  • Sister Souljah (Lisa Williamson) – Minister of Information (took be too intense Richard Griffin's place when Griffon left group)
  • Brian Hardgroove – vocalist, guitars
  • Michael Faulkner – drums, percussion
  • S1W
    • Jacob "Big Jake" Shankle
    • Brother Roger (Roger Chillous)
  • The Bomb Squad
    • Hank Shocklee (James Hank Boxley III) *original member
    • Keith Shocklee (Keith Boxley) *original member
    • Eric "Vietnam" Sadler *original member
    • Gary G-Wiz (Gary Rinaldo) (took Eric Sadler's place when Sadler left group)

Discography

Main article: Public Enemy discography

Studio albums

Collaboration albums

Soundtrack albums

Awards and nominations

Grammy Awards

[72]

American Music Awards

Rock and Roll Passageway of Fame

Public Enemy was inducted into the Rock and Press flat Hall of Fame in 2013.[citation needed]

References

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